Analyzing a Written Essay Essay

The two essays that I read were â€Å"A Soul as Free as the Air: About Lucy Stone† and, â€Å"How to succeed as an Online Student†. The four types of essay organization discussed in the course readings were; 1. Topic: This development organizes information about the topic in the most logical way. 2. Time order: It is using sequential order to write an essay. It organizes the information from one time period to another. 3. Space order: This deals with location of people, places or things. 4. Informative process: This is written in a step-by-step arrangement in their natural occurring order. The characteristics that make these essays expository, is that it has facts to inform about the topic. It is used in facts form and not biased.  What distinguishes space organization from time organization or informative-process organization in an essay is that Space order deals with location, Time organization refers to placing information in chronological order by date or a specific time, and Informative essay would be one that takes on a step-by-step process. The organization of each essay help the reader understand the subject matter of that essay in the essay â€Å"How to Succeed as Online Student†, it list steps to teach online students what it takes to be successful in an online atmosphere. The reader understands you must follow these steps to succeed. On the essay, â€Å"A Soul as Free as the Air: About Lucy Stone† it helped to learn about Lucy Stone, it showed the order of her achievements. On the essays that I read, the one that has the most effective organi zation was â€Å"A Souls as Free as the Air: About Lucy Stone†. I chose this essay, because it was organized from the beginning to the end, it was in the order of each of her achievements. A different type of organizational style for â€Å"How to Succeed as Online Student† if you change it to a time order or space order, then it would confuse some of the online students. The main part would be lost in the reading. It would definitely have students wanting to go to class instead of online, so the teacher could clarify things. The type of essay organization that is more suitable for my essay topic on â€Å"Warming Global; Drought,† would be Time Order, due to the heat and water levels at the time.

Haugen Julia versus Winston Contrast Essay Essay

In 1984, by George Orwell, the two main characters, Julia and Winston, provide a telling thrill to the readers through their passion for each other and for rebellion. Through further character analysis, one can see that Julia and Winston share similar characteristics, like rebelling against the party. But in many more ways are they very different. The brown-haired Julia, with voluptuous curves puts up a front that she is a part of the Junior Anti-Sex league and is as orthodox about the Parties values and one can get. Upon further reading the book, Julia develops into a promiscuous, rebellious girl but does not seem to care about upsetting the government, but only wanting to have the ability to do whatever she wants, whenever she wants. She explains to Winston about how she just wants to be able to do what she desires, like eating a piece of chocolate or marrying somebody she loves, whenever she wants. Examples of Julia’s concern for herself are evident when Winston is reading to Julia, Goldstein’s book, and she falls asleep. This shows that she doesn’t share the same fascination as Winston so obviously does. Even so the only rebellious branch about Julia is that she is â€Å"only a rebel from the waist down† (page 179, chapter 5) meaning to say that the only reason she’s considered naughty in the eyes of the Thought Police and Party is because she likes to have casual sex. Winston, on the other hand, is rebellious and careful mentally. He is different from Julia in that he does want to upset the order of the government and he does want to have sex, but to him it means more than just an embrace of passion, it means showing the Party that they are doing something that is considered illegal in the eyes of the Thought Police and that they are able to get away with it. He demonstrates this ability to get away with things by reading Goldstein’s book, buying the paperweight, having sex with Julia, which further proves his yearning to overthrow the Party and Big Brotherhood. As Winston reads the book, he is fascinated with what Goldstein has to say and how Ingsoc came to be in the first place, by the modification of Goldstein’s ideas. As the two main characters of this book, it does seem fitting to have two  characters that are willing to do imaginable things that might get them vaporized by the Thought Police to be together and share some of the same values. Even though Julia and Winston share the same ideas in some ways, upon further character analysis, there are some startling differences between those two.

Race: White People and Color Purple Essay

What does race means? To me race means where we come from, the color of my skin, appearance and the beliefs I follow. Even though for many people is the skin color or the appearance of a person. Many of the minority races had being treated unequally in the United States since early colonization. Over time there has being an increase of Hispanics, Blacks and Asians, each one bringing new experiences to the country and changing it in a good way. I have learned in my choice unit books, that many people just see someone’s skin color to try to figure out how they are instead of their personality. Most of the characters in those books had experience racism, lack of education, and economic statue. Each of the main characters had different stories, and went through different hardships but there is one thing in common. They come from a different culture and a poor family. Racism is one of the main issues of this country since slavery was introduced to the colonies and so did I saw it in different book and films this year. As I notice while reading The Color Purple whites has most of the superiority and so did man of any race. Sofia a big girl who wasn’t afraid of anyone and always talked back when there was something she didn’t like. One time she met a white woman and asked her if Sofia will like to work as her maid. Sofia refused that offered and so the white woman’s husband asked her again and she refused again, so the man slapped her and so Sofia responded back. At the end she was sent to jail for hitting a white person and was sentenced to work on the white’s family house for many years. She couldn’t see her children for many years or any one from her family. This example shows how many whites have superiority over certain race. Before you didn’t have to be rich, to be superior, you just needed to be white in order to set the rules, vote, and to be free in a few days if there was a crime. In my history class I saw a documentary how an African American 14 years old boy was killed just for talking to a white women and his case to get the guilty men in prison wasn’t that successful, and those men were set free and declared not guilty. After a few days a press told them they will receive money if they told the media the truth and so did the white men confessed and were sent to jail. This was a victory for the boy’s mom, but still they left an empty whole in that boy’s family. This is one of the few cases in the early years that a crime was solve to favor African Americans and many were just forgotten. Now days we have seeing that there is a huge percentage of color people dropping school every day. Many of these kids face pregnancy at an early age, they start looking for jobs, etc. In The Color Purple, Celie was abused by her stepfather and had two kids with him. He always lowered her esteem by telling her she was dumb and fat. She didn’t want to go to school for this causes but slowly she started learning how to read and write because her sister helped her. Later on she created her own store and triumph in life. Also in the film A Better Life we can see how a community of Hispanics has lowered education and many of the gangs are formed inside school. Schools are supposed to represent a safety environment so everyone can learn. The school environment I saw in the film was kind of like a jail. Police was everywhere the school and many kids had tattoos everywhere in their body. Many poor cities are more likely to have a lack of education and many of them are black or Latinos. In Macho, the people in Mexico living in that city were struggling for a job. The ones that had a job didn’t make a lot of money to bring food to their families. Since that’s a big issue, many falls in the hands of coyotes and try to immigrate illegally to its neighbor country which is the United States. Many try to get a working visa but also many fail, and the only choice they had was to travel by the desert. A lot of people died in the process of passing border or they were left to die or they were shot but gang members. In conclusion races are the one that define this country because many of us came from different cultures. We came to the United States to find freedom, which the first amendment allowed to us, also to escape poverty of our countries, and give our family a better future. Many of the families that migrate to this country do it in different forms. Many innocent people face discriminations and racism because of their skin color or how they look. Their communities’ faces lack of educations, many of the schools are not receiving help from the government. Poor communities are the ones that have a lot of diversity including blacks, Hispanic and Asians. This people have hardship looking for jobs and sometimes their only choice is to join a gang. Race has changed this country in different ways, and hopefully in years racism will have a different face.

The use of official corruption by transnational organised crime groups Essay

The use of official corruption by transnational organised crime groups - Essay Example The aim of this project is to compile a 10,000 word research paper following independent research in the area of transnational crime prevention. The topic selected by the author to research is the use of official corruption by transnational criminal groups to further their illegal activities. The topic is relevant to transnational crime prevention in that transnational criminal groups greatly rely on the use of various forms of official corruption to facilitate and grow their illegal activities. Transnational organised crime groups exist in all types of societies, whether or not there is a high incidence of official corruption. However, they are able to operate, remain viable and sustainable, grow and even become a serious threat to the state and civil society when certain conditions prevail. Such conditions include: Where the state is weak or corrupt or, more commonly, both. The agencies that are meant to control crime are unable to do so or else are unwilling, and instead are happy to be paid off by criminal groups or even work with them. The legal, political and economic systems fail to meet the needs of the society, or at least a significant section of them. In such circumstances, desire for illegal goods and services, such as drugs or other contraband, is often high and organised crime groups can and will fill any vacuum created by the weakness of the state to and provide essential and non essential services, including protection. If, for example, people do not believe that the police can or will protect them and their property, then paying criminals for protection may, in many circumstances, seem necessary and inevitable. Official corruption takes many forms and involves many different types of officialdom, from elected politicians, to officials in various ministries, including law enforcement agencies. The aim of this project is to put forward a definition of official corruption that best suits the purposes of research into the ways

Mechanical Science Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Mechanical Science - Coursework Example The meter consists of a close end tube in which the water is collected. One orifice or more than one orifice at the bottom of the meter can be provided (for the purpose of changing diameter of the pipe). As the head h inside the orifice meter increases the flow rate through an orifice increases. When the flow rate out of the orifice is equal to the flow rate into the meter the head will be established at the fixed value. Now the flow rate is related to the head h and diameter of the orifice. The pin jointed frame work help us to build up frameworks base on 30, 45 and 60 angles. To measure the force in the members of a pin jointed frame work, we can use such an apparatus in which each of the members has a force sensor bended to the surface. The sensors that are used to measure the forces in member are staring gauges. Strain gauges are such sensors that under goes a change in electrical resistance when they stretch or compress. Now this change in resistance can be show in terms of displacement (Strain). Where F is the force exerted by the water jet on the flat plate, Ï  is the density of the water (i.e. 1000 kg/m3), Q is the volumetric flow rate and ∆V is the change in velocity of the water just after and before impact. Now in order to experimentally calculate this force, we need such an apparatus in which there is water coming from a nozzle and impacting on a plate. Further an arrangement is provided to measure the volumetric flow rate and velocity before impact. Velocity of jet after impact can be taken as zero. For measuring the velocity before impact we should know the velocity at the nozzle. The velocity at nozzle can be measured by dividing the volumetric flow rate by area of nozzle (For area of nozzle the diameter of nozzle should be known). F is the force, m is the mass of an object, a is the acceleration. Force is the cause of the acceleration, and mass is a measure of the tendency of an object to resist a change in its linear translational

Sensory perceptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sensory perceptions - Essay Example I will give facts on aspects that lead a person to believe another one’s view on the world and also describe factors contributing to accuracy of this sensory data. Analysing and discussing human development as a child and the child’s outside nurturing influences and how this is continued through to adulthood plays a major role in sensory perceptions. My goal in this paper is to research influences and factors that all contribute to the development of the brain that is the key instrument in interpreting situations , circumstances and experiences in the world. Mental Illness, trauma, and consumption of substances. I will also describe three factors that would influence the accuracy of sensory data and they will come under the headings of childhood positive verbal communication, childhood environment, individual beliefs. My final paragraph will bring the titles together and discuss the roles of natural and nurtured abilities that contribute in interpreting and the world. There are certain mental illnesses that can distort ones view or interpretation of the world â€Å"they have hallucinations ( actually seeing or hearing things that don’t exist) Trauma is said to be the causes losing connections in early brain development which can cause mental illness and an inability to form an accurate view of the world in adulthood â€Å"the brain is compromised of many regions... within each of these brain areas are millions of neurons or nerve cells, which send messages to each other across synapses... Because the brain operates on the â€Å" use it† or â€Å"lose it â€Å" rule an â€Å"over pruning† of these connections can occur

Building a Coalition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 56

Building a Coalition - Essay Example With regards to team formation, the HR representatives of Woodson Foundation together with the members of NCPIE and school should be able to closely examine the skills and abilities of each member before they allocate a specific role to them (Robbins and Judge 280). Basically, empowering the team members through proper delegation of role and responsibility will increase the chances wherein the team members would become motivated in working together (281). Because of cultural differences, the leaders should win the trust of each member using necessary resources and effective leadership skills (280-281). Doing so will increase the chance wherein each member would become dedicated to supporting the success of the project. With regards to team performance, leaders should make use of necessary performance evaluation tools and effective reward system (Robbins and Judge 282). In the process of recognizing or rewarding the contribution of each member, they would become highly motivated in improving their future individual work performance. Likewise, it will also help them gain Agree that schools are less focused on families. She believes that parents want to be involved in improving students’ learning. Her positive perception of the role of parents/communities can be used in encouraging parents to become active in this project. She believes that schools and the foundation have larger roles than parents and the communities. Therefore, can lead to bias judgment when designating roles and responsibilities in improving students’ outcome. Team empowerment is important in team efficacy (Robbins and Judge 292). Therefore, Dupree can work together with Hardy, Watson, and Sharpe because these people acknowledge the important role that parents should play when it comes to improving the students’ learning outcomes. Using strong communication skills, Dupree’s team can easily convince and work well with Martinez. Conflict is possible because Adams has a different opinion when it comes to the role of the school. On the other hand, Kaufman cannot get along well with the faculty members.

Cognative Behavioural Therapy CBT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cognative Behavioural Therapy CBT - Essay Example What is CBT? There are several types of cognitive behavior therapy acclaimed by the National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists, such as ‘dialectic behavior therapy, rational living and rational behavior therapy, or rational emotive behavior therapy’ (Dryden 2002, p. 18). The essence of these approaches is to make a patient be aware of triggers of his addiction. It is relevant to help patients to develop new strategies for dealing with stressing situations and coping with addictions, respectfully. During the process of a functional analysis, therapists makes the addict persons define their inner thoughts and ideas that occur inside of them during the process of drugs/alcohol consumption or after it. There is another option for therapists to develop a behavioral model relevant to the addicted individuals. Counselors should be able to identify risky situations when relapse may occur. In this case it is relevant to develop skills that may help a patient to overc ome this risk. With this regard, it is possible to make group sessions and teach clients skill elements by means of â€Å"roleplaying and real life practice exercises that will enable them to apply these skills to meet their own needs† (Marlatt 2007, p. 32). Clients should be ensured in receiving constructive feedback from counselors. A long-lasting behavioral change may occur when self-efficacy expectations are modified. CBT is efficient for clients who are actively involved in treatment process and are willing to be responsible for their future abuse prevention. In this case, during CBT a client obtains healthy behaviours instead of maladaptive habits: â€Å"As the individual undergoes a process of deconditioning, cognitive restructuring, and skills acquisition, he or she can begin to accept greater responsibility for changing the behavior. This is the essence of the self-control or self-management approach: one can learn how to escape from the clutches of the vicious cycl e of addiction, regardless of how the habit pattern was originally acquired† (Rasmussen 2000, p. 116). It is important for counselors to reread required sections of manual before each session and highlight necessary points, which have to be covered during a training session. It is important for a client to hear from counselor a natural speech and not just listening to manual citing. During each session, a counselor should inform the client about the most important issues for his daily life. At this point, client’s information and examples from his life should be used by counselors as illustrative material. Therefore, CBT is effective in case relevant measures are developed by a therapist. In order to develop a relevant treatment strategy, it is necessary to conduct more than 20 documented controlled trial tests, if to refer to data of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (The Official Website of the Institute). Generally speaking, it is also efficient to combine CBT wit h group support sessions and other types of support strategies. It is also important to develop a flexible approach to CBT treatment development. A flexible approach implies an individual development of CBT for every patient. The main advantage for CBT as a treatment for patients with addictions is its short time performance and a personalized treatment. Currently, CBT is widely used for patients with no psychotic disorders, or those who suffer from bipolar disorder. A shift to cognitive

Building Performance Management through Employee Participation Essay - 3

Building Performance Management through Employee Participation - Essay Example Workers should be granted the chance to give their views and amendments be made as fast as possible to avoid poor job performance. According to JM experience, employees play a major role in company management. This is because they are the ones to be governed and must choose the management system suitable for them and the company (Grote, 23). There are certain parts of the performance management system that cannot be changed by employees no matter the claims. These unchangeable sections of the system also govern the employer and company activities. According to JM company, employees are part of the company management system and should be involved in any decision-making. In any organization, the management committee or board members must always consider the employee view or feedback before establishing performance management system. This should be done to protect employee rights and freedom. Actually, an employee should always have a conducive environment to attend to his or her job positively. The kind of performance management systems to be established should be employee friendly. Another way of making improvements in this type of system is employee motivation. This should be present in the system to enhance quality in employee performance. In most cases, the motivation is done through rewards . In the process of employee assessment, the hardworking should get a reward as tokens of their hard work while those who are found average should be advised accordingly (Rao, 16). Through rewards, employees will be dedicated to their work with the aim of being a reward winner. Companies that come up with a new performance management may face a lot of challenges linked to employee job performance. When they are forced into the rules and regulations of the new management system, they may find it very difficult to adapt hence have negative attitudes towards their jobs. This can in turn

Theodora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theodora - Essay Example She was a monophysite Christian while her husband was an orthodox Christian. The fact that law had to be changed proves that Theodora came from a lowly background but despite her background her influence on others was immense. Despite her background she could exert tremendous influence on her husband, on Byzantine politics and law. She first influenced Justinian with her wit, beauty and insight. There were difficulties in marrying her because of her background so he made her his mistress. She could influence the then emperor Justin in to changing the laws so that she could marry Justinian. Thus she earned the respect of her husband. She had tremendous influence on various people, issues and particularly workings of the state. She exerted significant influence on matters of law pertaining to women. She was treated as an intellectual partner and her suggestions had strong influence on the political decisions of the empire. For instance, when two factions came into existence and threatened to end Justinian’s rule, she influenced the generals and the officials to stay in the city and take strong action to suppress the rebellion. She was consulted when they wanted to introduce reforms to end corruption by public officials. She is even credited with supporting her husband in providing advice during the Nika revolt. She exerted influence by participating in making the laws and handling diplomatic functions usually reserved for the emperor. Several achievements and accomplishments show how powerful a woman Theodora was of her time. The Nika Revolt was the first incident that brought her to limelight. This full scale revolt almost toppled the regime. When there was debate whether to run away in ships or to remain where they were, Theodora rose to speak. Her speech was such that it could be compared to a speech made by the senator to the insurgents. She acknowledged

Language Obervation Essay Example for Free

Language Obervation Essay Setting: The observation took place in the child’s home. The child’s home is a semi-detached house in a housing estate Immediate Context: This observation took place in the kitchen. TC is seated at the kitchen table finishing his homework. His father is nearby washing up at the sink. The observation took place at 2.30 in the afternoon. An hour after TC returned home from school. TC’s brother and sister are running around the kitchen while another brother is sitting at the table playing Lego. Name of Child: TC Brief description of the child: TC is a male aged 6 years and 5 months. He has been in school since September 12 months ago. He has one older brother (aged nine) three young brothers (twin 3 year olds and a 2 year old) he has  a younger sister also (aged 2 years). Because of the number in his family he is very active and talkative. Aim of observation: The aim of this observation is to observe TC for a period of time of 10 minutes in order to assess his language development. Observation: TC is sitting on a chair at the kitchen table finishing off his homework he is drawing objects that begin with â€Å"I†. He asks how to spell ice-cream, igloo and ice as these are the shapes he’s drawing. He takes out a sheet filled with words to learn. He is now looking at his words and pronouncing them. TC has finished his homework and packed away his bag. He takes out a sheet a paper. TC - A â€Å"Daddy how do you spell IGLOO?† A - TC â€Å" I-G-L-O-O† TC - A â€Å"How do you spell ICE?† A - TC â€Å"I-C-E† TC - A â€Å"How do you spell ICE-CREAM† A - TC â€Å"Well you already have ice on your page copy that first† TC - A â€Å"but I need to spell ice-cream† A - TC â€Å" Write down ICE then put a – then put C-R-E-AM† TC - A â€Å"Okay† A - TC â€Å"Are you finished now Ois?† TC - A â€Å"Where’s Mammy Daddy?† A - TC â€Å"Show me, what it is?† TC - A â€Å"No it’s for Mammy, not you; you won’t know what to do with it!† A - TC â€Å"ok she’ll be here in a minute she’s gone to the bathroom† A1 - TC â€Å"what’s wrong Oision?† TC - A1 â€Å"this is a letter for you from teacher† A1 - TC â€Å"what’s it about?† TC - A1 â€Å"The parent teacher meeting† A1 - TC â€Å"ok what have I to do with it?† TC - A1 â€Å"you have to read it and fill it out for teacher† A1 - TC â€Å"oh right okay you go on and play so, good boy† Evaluation: The aim of this observation was to observe and record the language of TC, a six year old boy, for fifteen minutes as he finished his homework and engaged in conversation with his parents in order to gain a better understanding of his language development. I feel that I achieved this aim very well and that generally TC’s language development appears to be within the normal range for his age. Certainly, TC’s word pronunciation is accurate. He does make little errors tough e.g. he says â€Å"ate† for â€Å"eight†. This is usual for his stage of development. While children between four and five years pronounce most words correctly, they â€Å"may show some immature sound substitutions† (Flood 2010) One of the theorists I have studied is Skinner (1957), Skinner believed â€Å"that  learning, including language learning, occurs as a result of reinforcement.† Another theorist I have studied is Bruner(1915-). Bruner believed first-hand experience allows children to develop their ideas and thinking, he called this â€Å"enactive thinking†. Bruner stress the importance of the child’s environment in language development. He believes â€Å"The adults and more able peers in a child’s life provide what he calls a language acquisition support system (LASS).† Motherese, recasting, expanding and labelling all part of this system . Key stage of language development Gross Motor Skills †¢ Child tries to understand the meaning of words. The child uses adverbs and prepositions. The child talks confidently, and with more and more fluency. †¢ The child uses language creatively. The child adds vocabulary all the time. †¢ The child is an explorer and communicator; he or she begins to be able to define objects by their function – for example, â€Å"what is a bicycle† â€Å"you cycle a bicycle†. Fine Motor Skills †¢ A young child does not learn well in isolation from other children and adults. The child begins to share as he or she learns. Sharing sharpens and broadens the child’s thinking. This helps the child to learn better – for example, he begins to understand book language, and that stories have characters and a plot (the narrative). †¢ The child begins to realise that different situations require different ways of talking. The child establishes a sense of audience (who he or she is talking to). In summary, TC’s language development in terms of both fine and gross motor skills seems to be just on target and have reached the developmental milestones expected for his age. Personal Learning Gained †¢ I learned more about children’s language development. I know understand the terminology of â€Å"labelling†, â€Å"semantics†, â€Å"syntax†, â€Å"recasting† and â€Å" expanding†. †¢ I learned that in order to do so accurately, a tape recording with transcription is advisable. References †¢ Child Care Education (5th Edition) (Bruce, Meggit, Grenier) Hodder Education †¢ Planning Play and the Early Years (2nd Edition) (Penny Tassoni, Karen Hucker) Heinemann †¢ Child Development for Students in Ireland (Eilis Flood) GillMacmillan †¢ Education Care in the Early Years (4th Edition) (Josephine Donohue Frances Gaynor) GillMacmillan

Christian Perspective on Counseling Essay Example for Free

Christian Perspective on Counseling Essay This is a personal theory paper which focuses on the Christian perspective; it involves the integration of faith and scripture into the personal counseling process. It discusses personality structures, individual differences and the motivations that guide and push the human person. Included is a contextual definition of health and the factors that cause illness. They are understood by using psychological techniques in concurrence with Biblical truths. Employing a theological worldview for counseling helps a therapist’s awareness of the innermost complexities of a client and enables them to be an effective guide towards the path of hope and healing. Introduction Counseling is centrally and critically a relationship between people who care (Crabb, 1977). It is essential that a psychotherapist develop a genuine desire for the well-being of a client. This is an ideal arrangement for which a Christian counselor can flourish, because â€Å"Every Christian is called to a ministry of encouraging and helping others (Crabb, 1977)†. Although an atmosphere of caring and encouragement is not limited to Christians it is ideal to integrate psychology and Christian spirituality to most effectively aid clients. Personality Personality structure and components There are many theories involving the structure of the human personality. One is the theory presented by Dr. Ron E. Hawkins (2006a). In this theory, Dr. Hawkins likens each individual to many concentric circles. Every circle is affected by the other circles but every one has its own distinctive characteristics. This structure can best elucidate the complexities that exist inside an individual. The boundaries between circles can help determine the source of each dilemma and each circle provides a different approach to problem-solving. The first circle is the innermost circle of a person and encapsulates the very essence of being human. It is in this most personal circle that the Holy Spirit inhabits within each believer, as supported by the biblical quote â€Å"The kingdom of God is within you† (Luke 17:21). Also included in this circle are the options of free-will and the concept of original sin. The original sin is common to all human beings as maintained by Paul when he writes his letter to the Romans and utters, â€Å"for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God† (Romans 3:23). It must be noted that outside of issues involving deliverance, there is not much that can be dealt with in this circle by human intervention. Instead, if a problem really reverberates from this circle it must be surrendered in strong faith to the hands of God. The next circle encloses the soul, feeling, and cognitive aspects of the human being. For most clients looking for counseling, this is the circle that receives the most focus. It is in this circle that emotional and psychological troubles not originating from biological sources resonate. The next circle in this theory of personality makeup is the biological circle. This circle consists of the biological processes and focuses on the wellness of the physical human body. Problems in this circle include chemical imbalance which is the failure to normalize the chemicals in the brain, resulting in problems like obsession, anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, and insomnia. Problems in this circle are more likely to have physical sources, like physical trauma or abuse. The next circle is another prevailing source of problems dealt with in counseling. The temporal circle, it is the beginning of external focused aspects. In this circle, external environmental structures like society and culture have a significant influence on the individual. Societal values and cultural expectations will always have an impact on personality development. Society, friends, family, and church are examples of the temporal systems that must be dealt with when counseling people. Learning who the client is responsible to and what he is responsible for is essential to developing personal responsibility (Cloud Townsend, 1992). Additionally, the influences of the client’s family system are dealt with in this circle. The Bible supports this, â€Å"fathers, do not exasperate your children; instead bring them up in the training and instruction of the Lord† (Ephesians 6:4). Many problems can be rooted from the effects of family and environment The final circle of the human personality structure is the circle of the supernatural. This includes the archetypal epic struggle between good and evil, demons and angels. Despite this concept it is important to keep in mind that â€Å"our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms† (Ephesians 6:12). The Bible states that demonic power is a real and it would be imprudent to disregard its potential. Spiritual forces have a great impact on personality development and it cannot be excluded from the growth process Motivation There are five basic propositions about motivation: [1] human beings are all motivated to seek our needs, [2] motivational energy is channeled through the mind and results in specific behavior, [3] motivated behavior is always directed towards a goal, [4] when a goal is perceived to be impossible a state of disequilibrium exists, and finally, [5] all behavior is motivated and all behavior makes sense (Crabb, 1986). Motivation is a drive toward security and significance, with these thoughts in mind, Dr. Crabb details that the definitive goal of counseling is to â€Å"free people to better worship and serve God by helping them become more like the Lord† (1977). Individual differences In counseling, the level of maturity of each client must be assessed. Individuals are in the process of ‘moving over’ and ‘moving up’, clients differ in as to where they are in the process of dealing with presenting problems in a manner consistent with scripture and developing a Christ-like character (Crabb, 1977). Perhaps the most important reason that accounts for individual differences is that God provided free will to His creation. This free will makes each person unique and not merely a puppet with predetermined actions. Alteration of procedure used in counseling is necessary when dealing with different types of people. Some clients should be approached in a feeling level while others should be led spiritually. Cognitive based personalities are best dealt with on the thinking level and those suffering from physical disabilities are helped first with their tangible needs (Hawkins, 2006). Health A contextual explanation of health All counselors should want their clients to become healthy. According to McMinn (1996), the three factors that determine health are: accurate awareness of self, accurate awareness of needs and involvement in healthy relationships. Basing self-worth on the word of God is an effective strategy; to be able to create a self-image based on the unconditional love of Christ is a helpful direction for people who are injured in the different psychological aspects of their lives. McGee (1992) states, â€Å"changing our beliefs from false beliefs to the truths of God’s Word will assist us in experiencing more appropriate emotions and thereby will change the way we respond†. Helping clients to become more Christ-like in seeking self-worth and happiness is the goal of Christian counseling. A contextual explanation of illness The sources of illness are biological, cognitive, emotional and spiritual. Biological are often the easiest to identify they have physical signs that can be studied. Biological illnesses include physical sickness, chemical imbalances, and traumatic abuse. Typically, biological problems can be treated with medications or removal of the source of problem. For instance, physical trauma caused by an abusive husband involves treatment wherein the first step is to remove the victim from the abusive relationship. The cognitive aspect is the area of focus for most counseling therapies. Many problems that counselors must contend with relate to cognitive disorders, including depression, anxiety, guilt, and fear. The illnesses with a cognitive source are of critical concern as they are often more difficult to treat than biological illnesses. Emotional causes must also be considered. Sandra Wilson’s (2001) mantra of Hurt People Hurt People explains how emotional damage begets more emotional damage. Out of wounded emotions, people repeat the same torture to those they are closest to. Finally, illnesses can also be of a spiritual character. In order to be successful and productive counselors â€Å"we have to learn to distinguish between organic or psychological mental illness and a spiritual battle for the mind,† (Anderson, 2000). Spiritual illnesses stem from sin, a lack of faith, and destructive influences. Anderson (2000) advises, â€Å"Don’t think Satan is no longer interested in manipulating your mind in order to accomplish his purposes. Satan’s perpetual aim is to infiltrate your thoughts with his thoughts and to promote his lie in the face of God’s truth. He knows that if he can control you thoughts, he can control your life† Therapeutic Involvement Techniques, methods The Bible provides excellent guidance in various aspects of life; it is an excellent source for every Christian counselor. Accordingly, â€Å"all Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness† (2 Timothy 3:16-17). In a helping relationship, techniques are used to help the client reach the point of change. One approach that Christian counselors should not be without is prayer. Craigie and Tan (as cited in McMinn, 1996) write, â€Å"Indeed, praying with clients that they may be liberated from resistant misbeliefs, that they may be empowered to do the truth, and that they may come into a deeper relationship with the truth can sometimes be a most powerful experience†. The use of scripture in therapy sessions is useful in integrating God’s Truths to a client’s mindset. The use of the technique miracle question is helpful; this is a method of questioning which begins by helping the client imagine a situation wherein, overnight, a miracle happens that solves all their familial problems. The client has to define what differences they would observe to prove that a miracle had taken place. This is vital in making the client realize how vastly improved their relationships will be when the problems are resolved and defines the goal they aim to achieve. The method of Scaling questions is another tool used to rate the client’s current state, with zero/one being the most ideal and ten being the worst, this facilitates the therapist in identifying factors that prevents them from moving up the scale and recognizes what pushes them down. This is helpful in shifting the client’s focus from problems to solutions. The goal of therapy is promoting a high level of self-worth; the therapist must introduce genuineness into the environment by omitting shame from the process. This can be supplemented with compliments and positive encouragement by vocalizing admirable traits; it is a helpful exercise that generates an atmosphere of goodwill more conducive to problem solving. Hawkins (2006b) identifies the first in counseling step as own having an understanding of the real problem. Then, he goes on to reality testing. From there, a plan of action is formulated and the client is occupied with taking tenure to this plan of action and accepting accountability for its conclusion. Lastly, the counselor helps in building support and responsibility into the process of transformation concerning the client. A good cognitive counseling approach is to focus on the inner-voice and truth. The inner-voice is often constructed as a direct result of the temporal and supernatural circles in which an individual develops. In destructive or less-than-ideal relationships, the individual can develop spiteful and untruthful concepts about themselves which are constantly conveyed by the inner-voice. An understanding of truthful reality, often combating the untrue inner-voice, is critical for change. As Dr. Backus and Dr. Chapian explain, â€Å"locating and identifying pain-causing fabrications plus learning the factual reality-based truth† is therapeutic and critical for healing (2000). Expectations in success Counselors can measure success of counseling by evaluating the client’s progress in the accurate awareness of self or needs and by determining if they are participating in healing relationships (McMinn, 1996). McMinn’s affirms that, â€Å"A more careful look suggests that spiritual and psychological health require a confident sense of self, an awareness of human need, and limitations, and confiding interpersonal relationships with God and others† (1996). Real success in psychotherapy is measured by advancement not perfection. Worldview Dimensions Every individual possesses a worldview whether or not they recognize it. For example, the temporal system an individual develops in will have significant impacts on the individual’s worldview. Someone who was raised in a war torn environment with rampant violence and lawlessness will have a different set of moral code than a person is raised in a secure and peaceable community. These worldviews affect the progress in counseling; worldviews differ from person to person and may include science, perception or the Bible. It is imperative for the Christian counselor to have a broad perception of what his/her worldview consists of. The Biblical worldview filters pertinent information through the sieve of God’s Word. Since all issues are not addressed in Scripture, to sift means to see if the issue lines up with God’s Word (Collins, 2001). Uniting psychology, spirituality, and theology encompasses all the components of human behavior necessary to assess functioning (McMinn, 1996). Conclusion The integration of spirituality and theological scriptures to counseling provides a panoramic view of how psychotherapy can progress. The Bible must be used as a reference in choosing ideologies, techniques or processes to integrate in a personal theory. The use of solutions-based therapy, also referred to as solution focused therapy or brief therapy, is a type of talking therapy that is based upon social constructionist philosophy. It includes miracle and scaling questions. It focuses on what clients want to achieve through therapy. The approach focuses on the present and hopes for future, because as Dr. Worthington explains, â€Å"hope provides the motivation to work† (1999). Cognitive therapy can be used most effectively in Christian counseling because the cognitive approach is imperative in changing the client’s self-awareness by challenging negative thoughts and untruths. Cognitive therapy helps unchain the client from unrealistic expectations by perceiving and revising the pointless difficulties they place on themselves. Understanding the components of human personality through the theory of concentric circles is important in developing a complete strategy for helping individuals change. Recognition of an integrated model that considers the scripture of Christian teachings is a potent tool in wrestling against the dysfunction residing in a client’s life. Resources Anderson, N. (2000). The bondage breaker. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. Backus, William and Chapian, Marie. (2000). Telling yourself the truth. Bloomington, MN: Bethany House Publishers Cloud, H. Townsend, J. (1992). Boundaries: When to say yes when to say no to take control of your life. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Collins, G. (2001). The Biblical basis of Christian counseling for people helpers. Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress Publishing Group. Crabb, Larry. (1977). Effective biblical counseling: A model for helping caring Christians become capable counselors. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Hawkins, Ron E. (Speaker). (2006). Model for guiding the counseling process. Lynchburg, VA: Liberty University. Hawkins, R. E. (Producer). (2006b). Grid for tracking process [Motion picture]. (Available from Liberty university, 1971 University Boulevard, Lynchburg, VA 24502) Worthington, Everett L. (1999). Hope-focussed marriage counseling. Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press Greece. McGee, R. (1992). Search for significance: Build your self worth on the forgiveness and unconditional love of Jesus Christ. Nashville, TN: LifeWay Press. McMinn, M. (1996). Psychology, theology and spirituality in Christian counseling. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Wilson, S. (2001). Hurt people hurt people: Hope and healing for yourself and your relationships. Grand Rapids, MI: Discovery House Publishers.

Week 4 Assignment Plagiarism English Language Essay

Week 4 Assignment Plagiarism English Language Essay According to the American Association of University Professors, plagiarism is taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of another, without acknowledgment and with the intention that they be taken as the work of the deceiver (Roig, 2006). Plagiarism takes many forms and cannot always be easy to recognize, but this paper will discuss some of the common forms that plagiarism can take, how to recognize it and then give a practical example of it in action. There are many ways that a writer can plagiarize the work of another, some of the quite purposeful, others inadvertent and still others out of ignorance. When most people think about plagiarize, they probably think about someone simply cutting and pasting the work of one person directly into their work. With the advent of computers and the Internet, this has certainly become easier. Another form of plagiarism is to present the ideas of another that are not yet in common knowledge as ones own (Roig, 2006), The failure to adequately cite the source of information that one is using, both in-text and in ones reference section,. is also a common (although sometimes an inadvertent) form of plagiarism (Walden University, n.d). Perhaps the most common form of plagiarism, though, results from problems in the proper use of paraphrasing the work of an author that one is using on ones work (Roig, 2006). While it can be a simple matter of a lack of knowing the best ways to paraphrase an author (Walden University, n.d.), it is still wrong. There are several ways in which paraphrasing can lead to plagiarism, First of all, a write can simply make a few changes in word choose or word order, but still keep the basic thrust of the authors ideas (Walden University, n.d). Another problem can come when a writer does not provide a proper in-text citation for a paraphrase, thus leaving the reader with the idea that the work was original (Walden University, n.d). Yet another source of paraphrasing error is to distort the original meaning of the work cited (Roig, 2006), Finally, a writer needs to be sure that if they do use some exact phrases from another author in their paraphrase, the use quotations marks to identify those words, and also provide the proper citation. How can one recognize plagiarism? There are actually many ways that one can detect it in anothers work. First of all, there are a number of software programs that will compare the work of the writer with other published material, and then report specific potential problems. This method will probably work best with examples of direct copying or paraphrasing with inadequate citations. One can also simply take a suspect phrase and run that through a search engine to see if the material is or is not original. Another effective way of detecting plagiarism is a result of knowing what can be called the literary fingerprint of a writer. Everyone has a unique style to their writing-word choice, sentence structure and length and even idiosyncratic ways of thinking, and when one is familiar with that, it will be fairly easy to detect plagiarism. It is also useful for a reader to be familiar with the field in which the author is writing. Familiarity with the major sources and authors will help a reader spot the times when a writer is taking credit for anothers work. If one suspects that a particular section of a work is not original, one good technique for verification is to look at the suspect work and the original work next to each other. This helps a reader recognize many potential examples of poor paraphrasing, improper citation or direct copying. As an example of this process, following are an original text and the text written by a student for comparison. These examples are taken from Crossen, 1994 and (Coun 6100) Doctors, whose first allegiance is supposed to be to their patients, have traditionally stood between drug company researchers and trusting consumers. Yet unless there is evidence of misconduct (the deliberate misrepresentation of something as fact by someone who knows it is not), it is very difficult to discover and virtually impossible to prove that a piece of biomedical research has been tainted by conflict of interest. No study is perfect, and problems arise in the labs of even the most conscientious and honest researchers. Although biomedical research incorporates rigorous scientific rules and is often critically scrutinized by peers, the information can nevertheless be warped-by ending a study because the results are disappointing; changing rules mid-study; not trying to publish negative results; publicizing preliminary results even with final and less positive results in hand; skimming over or even not acknowledging drawbacks; and, especially, casting the results in the best l ight or, as scientists say, buffing them. Consumers must trust that the research that has gone into the manufacture of new drugs is safe. But it is hard to know if a conflict of interest between doctors, researchers, and the drug company stockholders has tainted the results. Biomedical researchers incorporate strict rules of science into their work, which is examined by peers. Yet the resulting information can be warped for five reasons: ending a study too soon, not publishing negative results, publishing results too early, skimming over or ignoring drawbacks, and buffing the results by showing them in the best light (Crossen, 1994, p. 167). (Coun 6100, Week 4, n.d., para. 7) In this example, it is not too difficult to identify the ways in which the writer plagiarized their source material. One of the first examples, and it is glaring, is that they do a poor job of accurately including citations in their work. One can quickly see several examples of sentences that seem to represent the thought of the source writer but that are not individually cited. The writer also follows the basic sentence pattern and argument flow of the source author, which is one type of plagiarism. With the exception of one rather poorly though-out sentence that implausibly involves stockholders in a conspiracy to distort results, one can clearly see that the writer simply took the source material and made a few changes and allows the reader to think that the ideas expressed are their own. The last two sentences of the writers paragraph are very obviously plagiarized from their source, including some word-for-word copying of that source, without proper citation. Specifically the list of ways in which studies can be distorted is a combination of some word-for-word copying of the source without proper citation and some poor paraphrasing, which leaves the reader unsure about what part of the work is the writers and what part belongs to the source. A better way of summarizing the last two sentences might be: Crossen (1994) argues that even research that would seem to be scientific on the surface nevertheless can be warped for five reasons: ending a study too soon, not publishing negative results, publishing results too early, skimming over or ignoring drawbacks, and buffing the results by showing them in the best light (p. 167). I use several strategies to avoid plagiarism. First of all, I use a program, Viper (http://www.Viper.com), to check all my work for plagiarism before I submit it for an assignment. Secondly, I try to follow the suggestion from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/). I have found that their suggestions are very helpful as one approaches an assignment. Finally, I try to read as widely in a field as I can beyond the assigned material, as this helps me have a good understanding of my topic, and it makes it less likely that I will improperly paraphrase anothers work. Practice Paraphrasing Original Source, OConnor, (2003) A good writer is one you can read without breaking a sweat. If you want a workout, you dont lift a book-you lift weights. Yet were brainwashed to believe that the more brilliant the writer, the tougher the going. The truth is that the reader is always right. Chances are, if something youre reading doesnt make sense, its not your fault-its the writers. And if something you write doesnt get your point across, its probably not the readers fault-its yours. Too many readers are intimidated and humbled by what they cant understand, and in some cases thats precisely the effect the writer is after. But confusion is not complexity; its just confusion. A venerable tradition, dating back to the ancient Greek orators, teaches that if you dont know what youre talking about, just ratchet up the level of difficulty and no one will ever know. Dont confuse simplicity, though, with simplemindedness. A good writer can express an extremely complicated idea clearly and make the job look effortless. But such simplicity is a difficult thing to achieve because to be clear in your writing you have to be clear in your thinking. This is why the simplest and clearest writing has the greatest power to delight, surprise, inform, and move the reader. You cant have this kind of shared understanding if writer and reader are in an adversary relationship. (pp. 195-196) Paraphrase: OConner (2003) argued that an authors goal should be communication, not confusion- connection, not conflict. She argues that while writing in such a way that the reader is left feeling stupid or confused might make the writer feel superior, it only makes the going tough for the reader, and does not accomplish the goal of making a meaningful connection with the reader. She adds that while it is much easier to be an obtuse writer, but it makes more sense for an author to envision their readers as friends than as enemies, if they wish to excite, not overwhelm. I think that I have several strengths when it comes to paraphrasing. First of all, I love to write and have a fairly large vocabulary, so I can usually think of creative ways to re-state what an author has said. Secondly, I am widely read in this field, so I usually have a clear understanding of what an author is saying, so I am comfortable accurately paraphrasing the basic meaning of a passage. Finally, because I am confident in my topic and what I am intending to say, I only look to other author;s to support my point, whereas it seems as though some writers almost use another author to make their point for them. When one uses a writer to essentially write for them, rather than just support them, there is a greater tendency, I think, to poor paraphrasing and expecially poor use of citations. I think that my biggest need to a technical one:knowing when and exactly where to use a citation in an extended paraphrase, and when a direct quote might be best. There have been times when it might have been best to include several in-text citations, for example, rather than one, and it not always clear which course of action is best. I have found several websites to which I refer on a regular basis to help me be clear on the best paraphrase and itation course to take. I fnd that Purdues site (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/) is very helpful, as is the Plagairism.org site (http://www.plagiarism.org/). Finally, I re-read Roig (2006) from time to time, as I find his discussion, most especially his emphasis on the plagiarism of ideas, to be very challenging.

Kobe Bryant Essay -- Sports, NBA, A sexual Assault Case

â€Å"The Tainted Record† He has it all: the fame, the fortune, and the fans. Kobe Bryant has anything and everything any living person could want, and as a former NBA champion, he even has arguably more athleticism than most people out there. However, even through his NBA championships and his MVP awards, many people tend to look at Kobe in a very negative way; almost look down on the star for one single occurrence. This may seem harsh, but there is indeed a logical explanation to this seemingly pessimistic attention Kobe always attracts. In 2003, a sexual assault case was filed on Kobe, which would proceed to affect his image forever (â€Å"Bryant, Kobe† 4). Therefore, although he is an extremely talented athlete, Kobe Bryant is a negative influence to aspiring basketball players. Although this negative attention occurred during his NBA career, Bryant did, in fact, have many NBA achievements before this mishap. Firstly, at just 17 years old (â€Å"Kobe Bryant† 1), Kobe managed to become the second youngest player to enter the professional league in NBA history, being the 13th overall pick in the 1996 draft (â€Å"Bryant, Kobe† 1). In mid-1996, Kobe was traded to his now current team, the NBA Lakers, where he would proceed to gain both his glory and his infamy (â€Å"Kobe Bryant† 1). Additionally, Bryant joined the all-star team in just his second season in the league, therefore becoming the single youngest player to be part of the all-star team of all time (â€Å"Bryant, Kobe† 1) at just 19 years old (Kobe at 30--Oh, how the years go by 2). Surprisingly, these achievements would not be the only ones he would acquire. By 2003, Bryant had already captured 3 NBA titles for himself (â€Å"Bryant, Kobe† 1), winning three tit les in a row from 2000 to 2002(K... ...e Bryant’s success, he is unfortunately a negative role model to aspiring basketball players. However, he has it all. Kobe Bryant always is and always will be an NBA legend. He has had and still does have countless fans, and possesses a level of skill which very few could even match. However, despite all of these feats he has achieved and all of the money he has managed to earn, his sexual assault case in 2003 taints this famous star’s record. No matter how it’s observed, Kobe Bryant was permanently affected, which in turn affected many fans’ viewpoints of the star. And although he has made a definite comeback, his past actions are not and will never be forgotten. No matter what he does in the future, the assault case will still be there. Therefore, because of this, Kobe Bryant’s image, no matter how hard he may try, will be damaged, or tainted, forever.

Taking a Chance in Hurston’s Novels, Their Eyes Were Watching God and Seraph on the Suwanee :: Their Eyes Watching God Seraph Suwanee

Taking a Chance in Hurston’s Novels, Their Eyes Were Watching God and Seraph on the Suwanee â€Å"‘All right then, you name somethin’ and we’ll do it. We kin give it uh poor man’s trial anyhow.’† â€Å"‘Anyhow Ah done got rested up and de bed bugs is done got too bold round heah. Ah didn’t notice when mah rest wuz broke. Ah’m goin’ out and look around and see whut we kin do. Ah’ll give anything uh common trial.’† pp. 168-69; Their Eyes Were Watching God â€Å"Arvay woke up next morning with hope and determination. Nothing beats trial but a failure, Arvay decided. She might not win Jim back, but she meant to give it a poor man’s trial. That is the best that she could do. If she failed, it was not going to be because she never tried.† p. 316; Seraph on the Suwanee The first passage shows no sign of weakness or unsureness; there are only bold declarations of fact. Janie tells Tea Cake to â€Å"name somethin’† and they would be capable of doing it (168). Tea Cake shares the same attitude with Janie, telling her that he is rested and that he is â€Å"goin’ out† too â€Å"look around† for something for them to do (168-9). The indecision lies not with the two of them but instead with the outside world. The use of active, present-tense verbs makes the passage vibrant and lifelike. It is clear to the reader from this passage that the couple is happy and confident in themselves; they will give most anything â€Å"a poor man’s trial† (168). They are not worried about their future, and the impression is that they â€Å"kin do† practically anything and still be happy (169). In the second passage, there is sureness tainted with uncertainty. Arvay has â€Å"hope and determination† to accomplish her goal, but she is unsure about its outcome (316). She thinks that â€Å"she might not† regain her status with her husband (316). She is not positive that Jim will take her back. Because she is willing â€Å"to give it a poor man’s trial,† the extent of her resolve is shown (316). However, her lack of confidence shows in the next sentence, where she admits that there is a possibility for failure. Arvay has resolved not to lose Jim â€Å"because she never tried† (316). While the sentences are active in this passage, the past tense lends them an air of resignedness and doubt.

Fly Away Peter by David Malouf :: Fly Away Peter David Malouf

`Fly Away Peter' by David Malouf is a powerful war story in which the author has used contrasting settings and strong symbolism to clearly portray his own ideas and opinions of war, and further the readers understanding of the text. Jim is an innocent young man, living on the coast of Queensland. In this peaceful town, everybody is happy and at peace with themselves and with nature. The people enjoy the simple pleasures of life - nature, birds, and friendly neighbourly conversations. Their days are filled with peaceful walks in the bush, bird watching and fishing. Jim and his friends especially enjoy the serenity of the sanctuary and the wonders of nature that it holds. When the war breaks out, this tranquil little town seems like the last place on earth that could produce a team of vicious, violent soldiers. Soon we see Jim thrown into a completely contrasting `world', full of violence and fighting, and the strong dissimilarity between his hometown and this new war-stricken country is emphasised. The fact that the original setting is so diversely opposite to that if the war setting, the harsh reality of the horror of war is demonstrated. The birds show symbolism in more than one way throughout the text. As the soldiers are travelling from all over the world to fight for their countries in the war, the birds are similarly migrating for the change of seasons. The birds however, will all be returning, and many of the soldiers will never return home again. This is a very powerful message, which helps the reader to understand the loss and sorrow that is experienced through war. Even when Jim is in this awful war-stricken place, one thing that he can still find comfort in, and which reminds him of his peaceful home is the birds, which are everywhere, still living their lives unaffected by mans war. This shows how nature is unaltered by mans cruel antics against other man, and how life and nature must, and will go on through all circumstances. The symbol of earth also shows significant symbolism in different parts of the text. When Jim is dying, and begins to hallucinate, the action he sees of men digging in the earth represents the fact that Jim feels like he is finally escaping the war - which in one way, he is - and going home. This helps the reader to understand how passionately Jim wants to be out of the war and back at home, how many of the soldiers would have felt during the war.

Trade Unions

TRAD E UNIONS TRADE UNIONS WHAT IS A TRADE UNION? A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, ? ring and promotion of workers, bene? ts, workplace safety and policies.The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and ? le members and the employer and in some cases on other nonmember workers. HISTORY The origins of unions' existence can be traced from the 18th century, where the rapid expansion of industrial society drew women, children, rural workers, and immigrants to the work force in numbers and in new roles. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organised in ? ts and starts throughout its beginnings,and w ould later be an important arena for the development of trade unions.Trade unions as such were endorsed by the Catholic Church towards the end of the 19th Century. Pope Leo XIII in his â€Å"Magna Carta†Ã¢â‚¬â€ Rerum Novarum—spoke against the atrocities workers faced and demanded that workers should be granted certain rights and safety regulations. The term â€Å"trade union† was ? rst coined by the Romanian professor Matei Coltan who studied at the University of the West of England. HOW DO THEY FUNCTION ! If people of a union CONTENTS 1. WHAT IS A TRADE UNION? 2. HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONS 3. HOW DO TRADE UNIONS FUNCTION 4. LIST OF TRADE UNIONS 5. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA ave work trouble with salary or working conditions, they share this with the union. The union representative ? rst talks to the employer. If this method is not effective they go on strikes. ! COUNTRY GLOBAL LIST OF TRADE UNIONS  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Industrial Workers of the World IWW (â€Å"Wobblie s†) (IWW Homepage) International Trade Union Confederation International Workers Association (Web page: IWA-AIT) World Federation of Trade Unions (Web page: WFTU) Building and Wood Workers' International Education International (Web page: EI) FIFPro (Web page: ? fpro. org) International Af? iation of Writers Guilds (Web page: IAWG)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ International Arts and Entertainment Alliance – IAEA (FIM+ FIA + UNI-MEI) International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (Web page: ICEM) International Federation of Journalists (Web page: IFJ) International Metalworkers' Federation (Web page: IMF) International Transport Workers' Federation (Web page: ITF) International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers' Federation (Web page: ITGLWF) International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Association (Web page: IUF)  ¦  ¦ Public Services International (Web page: PSI) Union Ne twork International (Web page: UNI) Sectoral global union federations  ¦  ¦  ¦ Albania Algeria  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Trade Unions (Albania) (KSSh) United Independent Albanian Trade Unions (BSPSh) General Union of Algerian Workers (Web page: UGTA) COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Andorra Angola  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Andorran Workers' Union General Centre of Independent and Free Unions of Angola (CGSILA) Independent Union of Maritime and Related Workers (SIMA) National Union of Angolan Workers (UNTA) Antigua Trades and Labour Union (ATLU) Antigua Workers' Union (AWU or ABWU) Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association (ABPSA)  ¦ Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association (Web page: LIALPA) Antigua and Barbuda  ¦  ¦  ¦ Argentina  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Argentine Workers' Center (Web page: CTA) Consejo Coordinador Argentino Sindical (CCAS) Federacion Agraria Argentina General Confederation of Labour (Argentina) (Web page: CGT) Aruba Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados  ¦  ¦ Aruban Workers' Federation (fta) Austrian Trade Union Federation (Osterreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund) (Web page: OGB)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Azerbaijan Trade Unions Confederation (ATUC) Committee for Oil Industry Workers' Rights (COIWRP) Bahrain Workers' Union General Federation of Workers Trade Unions in Bahrain Barbados Workers' Union (Web page: BWU) Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados Leeward Islands Airline Pilots Association (Web page: LIALPA) National Union of Public Workers COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Bahamas  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Congress of Trade Unions of The Bahamas Airpoty, Airline & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Airline Pilots Association Bahamas Casino Gaming & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Commercial Stores, Supermarket & Warehouse Union Bahamas ommunication & Public Of? cers Union Bahamas Electrical Workers Union Bahamas Fin ancial Services Union Bahamas Hotel Catering & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Maritime Port & Allied Workers Union Bahamas Musician & Entertainers Union Bahamas Public Services Union Bahamas Taxi Cab Union Bahamas Union of Teachers Bahamas Utilities Service & Allied Workers Union Freeport Flight Services & Allied Workers Union Grand Bahama Public Service Driviers & Allied Workers Union Union of Central Banks Union OF Tertiary Education of The Bahamas The Bahamas Prison Of? ers Association The Royal Bahamas Police Association The College of the Bahamas Union of Students Commonwealth of the Bahamas Trade Union Congress General Federation of Belgian Labour Confederation of Christian Trade Unions General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium Belgium  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY Bangladesh LIST OF TRADE UNIONS  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bangladesh Free Trade Union Congress (BFTUC) Bangladesh Ganotantrik Sramik Federation Bangladesh Jatio Sram ik League Bangladesh Jatiyo Sramik Jote Bangladesh Jatyatabadi Sramik Dal Bangladesh Labour Federation Bangladesh Mukto Sramik Federation (BMSF) Bangladesh Sanjukta Sramik Federation Bangladesh Trade Union Kendra Jatio Sramik Federation Jatyo Sramik League Samajtantrik Sramik Front Bangladesh Independent Garment Workers Union Federation (BIGUF) Bangladesh Garment & Industrial Workers Federation (BGIWF) Belarus  ¦  ¦  ¦Belarus Free Trade Union (SPB) Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus National Trade Union Congress of Belize Christian Workers' Union United General Workers Union General Workers' Union (Belize) Autonomous Trade Unions Centre General Confederation of the Workers of Benin National Union of the Unions of the Workers of Benin Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU) Bermuda Public Services Association (BPSA) Federation of Bhutanese Trade Unions Belize  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Benin  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bermuda Bhutan  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Botswana Botswana Federation of Trade Unions (BFTU)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Air Botswana Employees' Union Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board Workers' Union Botswana Bank Employees' Union Botswana Beverages & Allied Workers' Union Botswana Central Bank Staff Union Botswana Commercial & General Workers' Union Botswana ConstructionWorkers' Union Botswana Diamond Sorters & Valuators' Union Botswana Hotel Travel & Tourism Workers' Union Botswana Housing Corporation Staff Union Botswana Institute of Development Management Workers' Union Botswana Manufacturing & Packaging Workers' Union Botswana Meat Industry Workers' Union Botswana Mining Workers' Union Botswana National Development Bank Staff Union Botswana Postal Services Workers' Union Botswana Power Corporation Workers' Union Botswana Private Medical & Health Services Workers' Union Botswana Railways Amalga mated Workers' Union Botswana Saving Bank Employees' Union Botswana Telecommunication Employees' Union Botswana Vaccine Institute Staff Union Botswana Wholesale, Furniture & Retail Workers' Union National Amalgamated Central, Local & Parastatal Manual Workers' Union Rural Industry Promotions Company Workers' Union University of Botswana Non-Academic Staff Union COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Bosnia and Herzegovina  ¦ Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republika Srpska Bolivian Workers' Center  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederacion Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia Federacion Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia Corriente de Renovacion Independiente y Solidaridad Laboral Bolivia  ¦ Brazil  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central Autonoma de Trabalhadores (www. catipros. org. br) Central Unica dos Trabalhadores (www. cut. org. br) Confederacao Brasileira de Trabalhadores Cristaos Confederacao Geral do s Trabalhadores (www. cgt. org. br) Coordenacao Nacional de Lutas (www. conlutas. org. br) Forca Sindical (www. fsindical. org. br) Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of BulgariaConfederation of Labour Podkrepa National Trade Union Promyana National Confederation of Workers of Burkina National Organisations of Free Trade Unions Trade Union Confederation of Burkina Confederation of Burundi Unions Free Trade Union of Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia Bulgaria  ¦  ¦  ¦ Burkina Faso  ¦  ¦  ¦ Burundi Cambodia Cameroon  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Cameroon Trade Unions General Confederation of Free Workers of Cameroon Union of Free Trade Unions of Cameroon COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Canada  ¦ Canadian Labour Congress  ¦ NationalAf? liates  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ ACTRA British Columbia Teachers' Federation Canadian Association of University Teachers Canadian Auto Workers Canadian Of? ce and Professional Employees Union Canadian Postmasters and Assistants Association International Af? iates  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Independent Unions/Other Af? liations  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Writers Guild of Canada Christian Labour Association of Canada Manitoba Teachers' Society Canadian Actors' Equity Association Major League Baseball Players Association National Hockey League Players' Association Canadian Actors' Equity Association Bricklayers, Masons Independent Union of Canada rest are listed at Directory of Independent Labour Organizations Air Line Pilots Association, International Amalgamated Transit Union American Federation of Musicians Amalgamated Transit Union International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Cape Verde Caribbean  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Council of Free Labour Unions Trade Unions of Cape Verde Unity Centre Caribbean Congress of Labour Caribbean Public Services Association Caribbean trade unions at the Open Directory Project Caribbean Union of T eachers (Web page: CUT) Cayman Islands Airline Pilots Association Confederation Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique National Confederation of Central African Workers Union of Central African Workers Free Confederation of Chadian Workers Union of Trade Unions of Chad Central Autonoma de Trabajadores Workers' United Center of Chile Central Union of Workers Confederation of Workers of Colombia General Confederation of Democratic Workers SINALTRAINAL General Confederation of Trade Unions Cayman islands Central African Republic  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Chad Chile Colombia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Commonwealth Of Independent States Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Confederation Generale du Travail du Congo Democratic Confederation of Labour (DRC) National Union of Congolese Workers Confederation Syndicale des Travailleurs du Congo Confederation Syndicale du Congo Confederation des Syndicats Libres Autonomes du C ongo Congolese Trade Union Confederation COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS People’s Republic of China All-China Federation of Trade Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ All-China Federation of Railway Workers' Unions National Committee of the Chinese Agricultural, Forestry and Water Conservancy Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Aviation Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Banking Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Defense Industry, Postal and Telecommunications Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Educational, Scienti? , Cultural, Medical and Sports Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Energy and Chemical Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Financial, Commercial, Light Industry, Textile and Tobacco Workers' Union  ¦  ¦ National Committee of the Chinese Machinery, Metallurgical and Building Material Workers' Union National Committee of the Chinese Seamen and Construction Workers' Union Cost a Rica  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central de Trabajadores de Costa Rica Central del Movimiento de Trabajadores Costarricenses Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores (Costa Rica) Confederacion du Trabajadores de Costa Rica Costa Rican Confederation of Workers Cuban Workers' Solidarity Workers' Central Union of Cuba (Central de Trabajadores de Cuba) Cuba  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Croatia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Association of Croatian Public Sector Unions Croatian Trade Union Association Independent Trade Unions of Croatia Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Croatia Workers' Trade Union Association of Croatia Cyprus TurkishUnions Federation Cyprus Union of Bank Employees Cyprus Workers' Confederation Democratic Labour Federation of Cyprus Pancyprian Federation of Labour Pancyprian Public Servants' Trade Union Revolutionary Trade Unions Federation Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions Association of Autonomous Trade Unions Confederation of Art and Culture Christian L abour Confederation Trade Union Federation of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia  ¦ Trade Union Federation Equality Centrale des Syndicats Libres de Cote d'Ivoire Federation of Autonomous Trade Unions of Cote d'Ivoire General Workers Union in Cote d'Ivoire General Union of Djibouti Workers Union of Djibouti Workers Central General de Trabajadores (Dominican Republic) Confederacion de Trabajadores Unitaria East Timor Trade Union Confederation Cyprus  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Czech Republic  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Cote d’Ivoire  ¦  ¦  ¦ Djibouti Dominican Republic East Timor  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central Institucional de Trabajadores Automonos (CITA) COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Denmark Danish Confederation of Professional Associations (AC)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Danish Association of Chartered Surveyors Danish Medical Association Danish Union of Architects Danish Union of Librarians etc. FTF – Confederat ion of Professionals in Denmark Danish Association of Pharmaconomists Danish Nurses Organisation Danish Union of Teachers etc. Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) Danish Food and Allied Workers' Union Danish Timber Industry and Construction Workers' Union Danish Union of Metalworkers Danish Union of Professional Technicians Danish Union of Public Employees Fagligt F? lles Forbund National Union of Commercial and Clerical Employees etc. Dominica  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Dominica Amalgamated Workers' Union Dominica Association of Teachers Dominica Public Service Union National Workers' Union (Dominica) Waterfront and Allied Workers' Union Ecuador  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederacion Ecuatoriana de Organizaciones Clasistas Unitarias de Trabajadores Confederacion de Trabajadores del Ecuador Ecuador Confederation of Free Trade Union Organizations Frente Unitario de los Trabajadores COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Egypt El Salvador  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Egyptian Trade Union Federation Centra l Autonoma de Trabajadores Salvadorenos Central de Trabajadores Democraticos Federacion Nacional Sindical de Trabajadores Salvadorenos Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethopia Fiji  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Equatorial Guinea Workers' Union National Confederation of Eritrean Workers Confederation of Estonian Trade Unions Estonian Employees' Unions' Confederation Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions Ethiopian Teachers' Association Fiji Islands Council of Trade Unions Fiji Trades Union Congress Federation of Cane Growers (Fiji) Indian Cane Growers Association (Fiji) Kisan Sangh Labasa Kisan Sangh Maha Sangh National Farmers Union (Fiji) Rewa Planters Union Vishal Sangh Gabonese Confederation of Free Trade Unions Gabonese Trade Union Confederation Gambia Workers' Union Gambian Workers' Confederation Georgian Trade Union Amalgamation Ghana Federation of Labour Trades Union Congress of Ghana Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Germany Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) German Confederation of Trade Unions [4]  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft IG Metall Deutscher Beamtenbund (dbb) Gewerkschaft der Sozialversicherung komba gewerkschaft Christlicher Gewerkschaftsbund (CGB) Other free Trade Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦ Deutscher Bundeswehrverband Marburger Bund Deutsche Angestellten Gewerkschaft (DAG) German Salaried Employees' Union until 2001 Gibraltar Historical Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦ Gibraltar Apprentices and Ex-Apprentices Union Gibraltar Confederation of Labour Gibraltar Labour Trades Union The Gibraltar Confederation of Labour was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It merged with the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1963.Greece Grenada Guatemala  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Civil Servants' Confederation General Confederation of Greek Workers Grenada Trad es Union Council Central General de Trabajadores de Guatemala Confederacion de Unidad Sindical de Guatemala Union Sindical de Trabajadores de Guatemala COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Guinea  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Union of the Workers of Guinea National Confederation of Guinean Workers National Organization of Free Unions of Guinea United Trade Union of Guinean Workers National Union of Workers of Guinea-Bissau Guyana Agricultural and General Workers' Union Guyana Airline Pilots Association Guyana Labour Union Guyana Local Government Of? ers' Union Guyana Mining Metal and General Workers' Union Guyana Postal and Telecommunications' Union Guyana Teachers' Union Guyana Trades Union Congres National Workers' Union (Guyana) Guyana public services union Clerical and commercial workers union Confederation des Travailleurs Haitiens Coordination Syndicale Haitienne (CSH) Haitian Trade Union Coordination May 1st – Workers' Fight Federation Batay Ouvriye Centrale Generale des Travail leurs Central General de Trabajadores (Honduras) Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores de Honduras Federacion Unitaria de Trabajadores de Honduras Honduras Workers' Confederation Autonomous Trade Union Confederation Democratic Confederation of Free Trade Unions Forum for the Cooperation of Trade Unions Guinea-Bissau Guyana  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Haiti  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Honduras  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Hungary  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Hong Kong  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU) – proCPC Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Labour Unions (HKFLU) Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (HKCTU) pro-democracy Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (HKKTUC) – pro-Kuomintang Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (HKPTU) – prodemocracy Joint Organization of Unions – Hong Kong Confederation of State and Municipal Em ployees of Iceland  ¦ Icelandic Federation of Labour Confederation of All Indonesian Workers' Union Confederation of Indonesia Prosperous Trade Union Confederation of Indonesian Trade Union (CITU) Indonesian Forestry and Allied Workers' Union (KAHUTINDO)  ¦  ¦ FEDERASI SERIKAT PEKERJA NASIONAL INDONESIA INDONESIA NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS FSPNI Iceland  ¦ Indonesia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Iran  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Central Council of Trade Unions Central Council of United Trade Unions Central Union of Workers and Peasants of Iran Ettehadiyeh-ye Sendika-ye Kargaran-e Iran Iranian Workers' Solidarity Network Syndicate of Workers of Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company Union of Toilers of Iran COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS India see Indian Trade Unions, List of trade unions in the Singareni coal ? elds.  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Indian Railway Trade Unions All KARNATAKA Kannadigara Workers union . Karnataka Auto driver Union Kar nataka Workers Union All India Railway Men's Federation www. air? ndia. com Northern Railway Men's Union www. nrmu. net Bank Employees Federation of IndiaAll India Central Council of Trade Unions Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Federation Bunkar Mahasabha Rajasthan Nirman Mazdoor Sangathan Tamil Nadu Democratic Construction Labour Union All India Trade Union Congress  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union Federation of Chatkal Mazdoor Unions Nikhila Orissa Beedi Shramika Federation Patiala Aviation Club Workers Union Pondicherry Textile Labour Union Powerloom Workers Union Punjab Breweries Workers Union Vegetable Market Workers Union Visakha Steel Workers Union  ¦ Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bhakra Management Board Karamchari Sangh Bharatiya Pratiraksha Mazdoor Sangh MCF Mazdoor Sangh Mica Mazdoor Sangh COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Centre of Indian Trade Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Union Calcutta Tramways Workers' and Employees' Union Cochin City Motor Thozhilali Union Darjeeling District Newspaper Sellers' Union Forward Seamens Union of India Maharashtra Sugarcane Cutting and Transport Workers Union Otis Elevators Employees Union Siliguri Dokan Sramik Karmachari Union Steel Plant Employees Union Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat Konkan Railway Corporation Employees Union Municipal Mazdoor Union Hind Mazdoor Sabha All India Jute Textile Workers' Federation Coimbatore District Textile Workers Union Kudremukh Shram Shakthi Sanghatan MCF Employees' UnionIndian Federation of Trade Unions Darjeeling Jela Dokan Sramik Union Indian National Trade Union Congress National Union of Jute Workers Indian National Defence Workers Federation MCF Workers' Union Nangal Bakra Mazdoor Sangh Visakha Steel Employees' Congress Labour Progressive Federation NLC Workers Progressive Union COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UN IONS  ¦ National Federation of Atomic Energy Employee  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ AEEA (IGCAR) BARCFEA (BARC facilities) GSO SA (GSO) TAPEU (MAPS) MAPSA (MAPS) DPS (DAE) EA (MRPU) CATSA Confederation Of Atomic & Space Scientists/ Technologists, COAST  ¦  ¦ AARCO, Kalpakkam CATSOA, Indore  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Trade Union Coordination Committee  ¦ Bengal Hawkers AssociationAssociation of Motion Pictures & TV Programme Producer of India Federation of Western India Cine Employees Indian National Trade Union Congress Kerala Private Pharmacist's Association (KPPA) Kerala Gazetted Of? cers' Federation Kerala State Transport Employees Front Maharashtra General Kamgar Union Mazdoor Mukti Morcha Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh Socialist Trade Union Centre Trade Union Centre of India United Trade Union Centre-Lenin Sarani All India Defence Employees Federation Bengal Jute Mill Workers' Union Bengal Provincial Chat kal Mazdoor Union *Murshidabad Self Employed Geriatric Healthcare Workers Association COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Iraq  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federation of Workers?Councils and Unions in Iraq General Federation of Trade Unions Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions Union of the Unemployed in Iraq Federation of Oil Unions in Iraq Irish Congress of Trade Unions Ireland  ¦ Historical Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦ Electricity Supply Staff Association (Dublin) Galway Workers' and General Labourers' Union Irish Mental Hospital Workers' Union Current Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Unite – the Union – a merger of the T&GWU and Amicus created on 1 May 2007. Amicus Association of Higher Civil & Public Servants Association of Irish Traditional Musicians Association of Secondary Teachers Ireland Irish Bank Of? cials' Association (IBOA) (www. iboa. e) Irish Federation of University Teachers (IFUT) (www. ifut. ie) Irish Medical Organisa tion (IMO) (www. imo. ie) Irish Municipal, Public and Civil Trade Union (IMPACT) (www. impact. ie) Irish National Teachers' Organisation (INTO) (www. into. ie) Irish Nurses Organisation (INO) (www. ino. ie) MANDATE (www. mandate. ie) NAPO (www. napo. org. uk) National League of the Blind (NLB) (no website known) National Union of Journalists (NUJ) (www. nuj. org) so on†¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Israel  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ New Histadrut http://www. histradrut. org. il/ National Labour Federation in Eretz-Israel Histadrut Koach La`Ovdim: Power to the workers Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) Cgil. t Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions (CISL) Italian Labour Union (UIL) Uil. it Italian Confederation of Free Workers' Unions (CISAL) CONFSAL Confederazione del Comitati di Base (COBAS) Cobas. it CUB (Confederazione Unitaria di Base) General Labour Union (Italy) SIN. PA. (Sindacato Padano) DIRFOR (Sindacato Nazionale dei Dirigenti, dei Direttivi del Corpo For estale dello Stato)  ¦  ¦ CGU (Confederazione GILDA-UNAMS-NURSIND) Autonomous South Tyrolean Trade Union Bustamante Industrial Trade Union Jamaica Airline Pilots Association Jamaica Association of Local Government Of? cers Jamaica Confederation of Trade Unions Jamaica Civil Service Association (www. jacisera. om) National Workers Union Jamaican Teachers Association Jamaican Union of Public Of? cers and Public Employers Japan Teachers Union RENGO Sohyo National Union of General Workers General Union Tozen Italy  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Jamaica  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Japan  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Jordon Kazakhstan  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Federation of Jordanian Trade Unions Jordanian Engineers Association Confederation of Labour of Kazakhstan Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kenya  ¦ Central Organization of Trade Unions (Kenya) (KNUT)Kenya national union of teachers Transport and general workers union (UK) Marathon Runners Union Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Kiribati Trade Union Congress Kuwait Trade Union Federation Kyrgyzstan Federation of Trade Unions Lao Federation of Trade Unions Free Trade Confederation of Latvia General Confederation of Lebanese Workers Congress of Lesotho Trade Unions Lesotho Congress of Democratic Unions Lesotho Trade Union Congress Liberian Federation of Labour Unions National Trade Unions' Federation Liechtenstein Employees' Association Lithuanian Labour Federation Lithuanian Trade Union – Solidarity Lithuanian Trade Union Confederation Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Luxembourg  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Civil Service Confederation (CGFP) Luxembourg Association of Bank and Insurance Employees (ALEBA) Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions (LCGB) Luxembourg Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (OGBL) Republic of Macedonia  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Free Trade Unions Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia Union of Independent Autonomous Trade Unions Christian Confederation ofMalagasy Trade Unions Confederation of Malagasy Workers United Autonomous Unions of Madagascar Malawi Congress of Trade Unions Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services Madagascar  ¦  ¦  ¦ Malawi Malaysia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Malaysian Trades Union Congress National Council of Unions of the Industrial and Lower Income Group of Government Workers Mali Malta  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Workers' Union of Mali Workers' Trade Union Confederation of Mali Forum of Maltese Trade Unions For. U. M. – confederation Confederation of Malta Trade Unions General Workers' Union (Malta) Malta Workers' Union Malta Union of Teachers Malta Union of Midwives and Nurses COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Mauritania  ¦  ¦ Free Confederation of Mauritanian Workers General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers Union of Mauritanian Workers Federation of Civil Service Unions Federation of Progressive Unions Mauritius Labour Congress Mauritius Trade Union Congress National Trade Unions Confederation Organization of Artisans' Unity Local Authorities Employees Union Confederation of Independent Trade Union Confederation of Mexican Workers – CTM General Confederation of Workers (Mexico) – CGT Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers – CROM Sindicato unico de Trabajadores Electricistas de la Republica Mexicana – SUTERM  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic – SNTMMSRM Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de Autotransportes Urbanos de Pasajeros, Ruta 100 Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de la Industria Nuclear SUTIN Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de la Musica del D. F. SUTM Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores del Banco de Mexico Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores del Gobierno del Distrito Federal Sindicato Unico Nacional de Trabajadores de Telecomunicaciones de Mexico (TELECOMM) AND MANY MORE†¦ Mauritius  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Mexico  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Moldova  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Union of Monaco Trade Unions Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions Democratic Confederation of Labour (Morocco) Democratic Federation of Labour General Union of Moroccan Workers Moroccan Workers' Union National Labour Union of Morocco The Moroccan Morracas Union Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Mozambique Workers' Organization Federation of Trade Unions of Burma Seafarers' Union of Burma National Union of Namibian Workers Trade Union Congress of Namibia All Nepal Trade Union Federation- ANTUF Confederation of Nepalese Professionals-CoNEP Federation of Nepalese Progressive Trade UnionsFENEPT General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions-GEFONT Nepal Trade Union Congress-Independent:NTUC-I Nepal Trade Union Federation-NTUF National Democratic Confederation of Nepalese Trade Union-Independent:NDCONT-I COUNTRY Netherlands LIST OF TRADE UNIONS  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging (FNV) Christelijk Nationaal Vakverbond (CNV) CNV Public Vakcentrale Voor Middengroepen en Hoger Personeel (MHP) Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen Nederlandse Vereniging van Luchtvaart Technici Algemene Bond voor Casinopersoneel (Vakbond ABC) Bonaire Federation of Labour Central General di Trahadonan di Corsow Trade Union Centre of Curacao Windward Islands Federation of Labour New Zealand Council of Trade Unions (NZCTU) New Zealand Air Line Pilots' Association (APA) Alloy Yachts Employees Federation Amalgamated Workers Union of New Zealand Clothing, Laundry and Allied Workers Union of Aotearoa Corrections Associatio n of New Zealand (CANZ) Customs Of? cers' Association of New Zealand New Zealand Dairy Workers Union (DWU) Finance and Information Workers Union (Finsec) Firestone Employees Society Flight Attendants and Related Services Association (FARSA)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Furniture, Manufacturing & Associated Workers Union Postal Workers Association (PWA) Postal Workers Union (PWU) AND MANY MORE†¦ Netherlands Antilles  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ New Zealand  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Nicaragua  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Labour Uni? cation Nicaraguan Workers' Centre Sandinista Workers' Centre Ulster Teachers' Union (UTU) NorwegianConfederation of Trade Unions (LO)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ EL & IT Forbundet Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry Workers Norwegian Civil Service Union Norwegian Post and Communications Union Norwegian Seafarers' Union (Norsk Sjomannsforbund) Norwegian Union of Food, Beve rage and Allied Workers Norwegian Union of General Workers Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees Union of Employees in Commerce and Of? ces United Federation of Trade Unions Northern Ireland Norway  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Unions for Professionals, Norway Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations NITO Democratic Confederation of Workers of Niger General Union of Workers of Niger Nigerien Confederation of Labour Union of Workers' Trade Unions of Niger Niger  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ OmanTrade unions are illegal in Oman, but the World Federation of Trade Unions recognizes one exile organization—the National Committee of Omani Workers. COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Pakistan  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ All Pakistan Federation of Labour All Pakistan Federation of Trade Unions All Pakistan Federation of United Trade Unions All Pakistan Trade Union Congress All Pakistan Trade Union Federation Pakistan National Federation of Trade Unions Pakistan Work ers' Federation Muttahida Labour Federation Pakistan Pakistan Brick Kiln Labour Union Central National de Trabajadores de Panama Confederation of Workers of the Republic of Panama Convergencia Sindical General Confederation of Workers of Panama SUNTRACSPapua New Guinea Trade Union Congress Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (Paraguay) Confederacion Paraguaya de Trabajadores National Workers' Central (Paraguay) Central Autonoma de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion de Trabajadores del Peru Federation of Free Workers May First Labour Movement Centre Trade Union Congress of the Philippines All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ) August80 (WZZ â€Å"Sierpien80†) Solidarity Independent Self-Governing Trade Union (NSZZ Solidarnosc)  ¦ Trade Unions Forum (FZZ) Panama  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Papua New Guinea Paraguay  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Peru  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Philippines  ¦  ¦  ¦ Poland  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Portugal  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Confederation of Labour (Portugal) General Confederation of the Portuguese Workers General Union of Workers (Portugal) Union of Independent Trade Unions (Portugal) General Confederation of Workers (Puerto Rico) Teachers' Federation of Puerto Rico Democratic Trade Union Confederation of Romania National Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Romania – Brotherhood  ¦  ¦  ¦ National Trade Union Bloc National Trade Union Confederation (Romania) National Trade Union Confederation – Meridian All-Russian Confederation of Labour Confederation of Labour of Russia (www. ktr. u) Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia Trade Union Centre of Workers of Rwanda Union of Workers in Industry, Garages, Construction Firms, Mines and Printers Puerto Rico Romania  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Russia  ¦  ¦  ¦ Rwanda  ¦  ¦ Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union National Workers' Union (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia Teachers' Union – SLTU (www. stluciateachersunion. com) Saint Lucia Workers' Union Commercial, Technical and Allied Workers' Union National Labour Congress National Workers' Movement (St. Vincent) St. Vincent and the Grenadines Public Service Union Saint Vincent and the grenadines  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONSSamoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Samoa Public Service Association Samoa Trade Union Congress Democratic Confederation of San Marino Workers San Marino Confederation of Labour General Union of the Workers of Sao Tome and Principe National Organization of the Workers of Sao Tome and Principe – Central Union Senegal  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Dakar Dem Dikk Workers Democratic Union Democratic Union of Senegalese Workers National Confederation of Senegalese Workers National Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Senegal Confederation of Autonom ous Trade Unions of Serbia (www. sindikat. rs) Serbia  ¦  ¦  ¦ United Branch Trade Unions â€Å"Independence† (www. ezavisnost. org) Postmans Trade Union – SD(www. sdpostar. com) Seychelles Federation of Workers' Unions Seychelles Workers Union Sierra Leone Confederation of Trade Unions Sierra Leone Labour Congress National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) Confederation of Trade Unions of the Slovak Republic Independent Christian Trade Unions of Slovakia Association of Free Trade Unions of Slovenia Confederation of New Trade Unions of Slovenia Confederation of Trade Unions of Slovenia – Pergam Trade Union Confederation 90 of Slovenia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Solomon Islands South Africa  ¦ Solomon Islands Council of Trade Unions Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers' Union Communication Workers Union (South Africa) Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa Food and Allied Workers Union Musicians Union of South Africa National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa) Performing Arts Workers' Equity Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union SASBO – The Finance Union South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union South African Democratic Nurses' Union South African Democratic Teachers Union South African Football Players Union South African Medical Association Confederation of South African Workers' Unions Federation of Unions of South Africa  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Health & Other Services Personnel Trade Union of South Africa Independent Municipal & Allied Trade Union Public Servants Associatio n of South Africa United Association of South Africa  ¦ National Council of Trade Unions COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS South Korea  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federation of Korean Trade Unions Korean Confederation of Trade Unions Korean Teachers & Education Workers' Union phithi trade union for youth development Spain  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Workers' Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) (CCOO) (www. ccoo. s) Union General de Trabajadores (UGT) (www. ugt. es) Confederacion General del Trabajo (CGT) (www. cgt. es) Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) (www. cnt. es) Confederacion Intersindical Galega (CIG) ([5]) Agrarian Trade Union Federation Basque Workers' Solidarity Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak Spanish Trade Union Organisation Typographic Workers Trade Union Workers Collectives Workers in Struggle Collectives All Ceylon United Motor Workers? Union Ceylon Federation of Labour Ceylon Federation of Union GCSU Sri Lanka United Corporations and Mercantile Union Ceylon Electricity Board Engineer? s Union Sudanese Workers? Trade Union FederationSri Lanka  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Sudan  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Suriname  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Federation of Civil Service Organizations General Alliance of Labour Unions in Suriname Organization of Cooperating Autonomous Trade Unions Progressive Labour Federation 47 Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Financial Sector Union of Sweden Swedish Association of Health Professionals Swedish Police Union Swedish Teachers' Union Swedish Union of Civil Servants Swedish Union of Clerical and Technical Employees in Industry Swedish Union of Commercial Salaried Employees Swedish Trade Union Confederation(www. lo. e)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden National Socialist Industrial Workers Union Swe dish Confederation of Professional Associations AND MORE†¦ IF Metall Swedish Building Maintenance Workers' Union Swedish Building Workers' Union Swedish Commercial Employees' Union Swedish Electricians' Union Swedish Food Workers' Union Swedish Forest and Wood Workers' Union Swedish Hotel and Restaurant Workers' Union Swedish Industrial Union Swaziland Sweden  ¦  ¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Switzerland  ¦  ¦  ¦ Swiss Federation of Trade Unions (Schweizerischer Gewerkschaftbund)(SGB) (www. sgb. ch) syndikat – Die Online Gewerkschaft (syndikat. ch) Travail.Suisse General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria) Chinese Federation of Labour Taiwan Confederation of Trade Unions Tajikistan Federation of Trade Unions Trade Union' Congress of Tanzania Zanzibar Trade Union Congress Labour Congress of Thailand National Congress of Thai Labour Thai Trade Union Congress National Confederation of Togolese Workers National Union of Independent Trade Unions of Togo Trade Union Confederation of Togolese Workers Togo Pogo Stick Union Friendly Islands Teachers' Association Tonga Nurses' Association Tonga Conga Line Association Tunisian General Labour Union Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Togo  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Tonga  ¦  ¦  ¦ Tunisia Turkey  ¦ Irwinian Federation of Day laborers  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey Confederation of Public Workers' Unions Confederation of Turkish Real Trade Unions Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions National Centre of Trade Unions of Turkmenistan Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union Turkmenistan Tuvalu  ¦  ¦COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Trinidad and Tobago Current Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Airline Superintendents Association All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers' Trade Union Airline Superintendents Association Amalgamated Workers Union Association of Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Staff Aviation, Communication and Allied Workers Union Banking, Insurance and General Workers Union Communication, Transport and General Workers Union Communication Workers Union Contractors and General Workers Trade Union Customs and Excise Extra Guards Association Electronic Media Union of Trinidad and Tobago Emperor Valley Zoo Estate Police Association AND MANY MOREHistorical Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union Amalgamated Engineering and General Workers' Trade Union Bank and General Workers Union Bank Employees Union British Colonial Taxpayers and All Workers Union Civil Service Association Communication Services and General Workers Trade Union Public Works and Public Service Workers Trade Union Staff Association of Barclays Bank of Trinidad and Tobago Limited AND MANY MORE COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Uganda  ¦  ¦ National Organization of Trade Unions, Central Organisation of Free Trad e Unions, Uganda (COFTU) Ukraine  ¦  ¦  ¦ Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Ukraine Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine National Confederation of the Trade-Union Organizations of Ukraine Uruguay Uzbekistan USSR Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela  ¦ Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores – Convencion Nacional de Trabajadores  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦Federation of Trade Unions of Uzbekistan Soviet trade unions Vanuatu Council of Trade Unions Association of Vatican Lay Workers Confederacion de Trabajadores de Venezuela Movimiento Nacional de Trabajadores Para La Liberacion Union Nacional de Trabajadores de Venezuela Vietnamese General Confederation of Labour General Workers' Union of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Yemeni Confederation of Labor Unions Federation of Free Trade Unions of Zambia Zambia Congress of Trade Unions African Trade Union Congress Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Uni ons COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS United Kingdom  ¦  ¦  ¦ General Federation of Trade Unions (UK) Trades Union Congress (TUC) Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) Current Unions  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ ACCORD Advance (www. advance-union. org) Aegis The Aegon UK Staff Association †¡Alliance for Finance Aspect (www. aspect. org. uk)Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ASLEF Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union BFAWU (www. bfawu. org. uk) †¡Balfour Beatty Group Staff Association † Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Belfast Airport Police Association †¡Boots Pharmacists Association BPA Britannia Staff Union BSU (www. britanniasu. org. uk) British Air Line Pilots' Association BALPA (www. balpa. org. uk) British Association of Colliery Management BACT TEAM (www. bacmteam. org. uk) British Association of Dental Nurses BADN ([6]) British Association of Journalists BAJ (www. bajunion. org. uk/) British Association of Occupational Therapists BAOT Retired Of? cers Association Royal College of Midwives RCM University and College Union UCU (www. ucu. org. uk) VOICE (www. voicetheunion. org. k/) †¡Warwick International Staff Association AND MANY MORE†¦ COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS United States AFL-CIO (The American Federation of Labor – Congress of Industrial Organizations)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Air Line Pilots Association ALPA Amalgamated Transit Union ATU American Federation of Government Employees AFGE American Federation of Musicians American Federation of School Administrators AFSA American Train Dispatchers Department ATDD Associated Actors and Artistes of America (4As)  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Actors' Equity Association AEA American Guild of Musical Artists AGMA American Guild of Variety Artists AGVA The Guild of Italian American Actors GIAA Screen Actors Guild SAG AND MANY MORE†¦ The Change to Win Federation) Inter national Brotherhood of Teamsters IBT Service Employees International Union SEIU  ¦  ¦ Independent  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association AMFA Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions Directors Guild of America DGA Dramatists Guild of America Jockeys' Guild Workers United – Recruiting UNITE HERE AND MANY MORE†¦ Union Reform Groups  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Labor Notes Short Circuits IBEW local reformers Teamsters for a Democratic Union TDU AND MANY MORE†¦ The trade unionism in India developed quite slowly as compared to the western nations. Indian trade union movement can be divided into three phases. The first phase (1850-1900) During this phase the inception of trade unions took place.During this period, the working and living conditions of the labor were poor and their working hours were long. Capitalists were only interested in their productivity and profitability. In addition, the wages were also low and general economic conditions were po or in industries. In order to regulate the working hours and other service conditions of the Indian textile laborers, the Indian Factories Act was enacted in 1881. As a result, employment of child labor was prohibited. The growth of trade union movement was slow in this phase and later on the Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in 1891. Many strikes took place in the two decades following 1880 in all industrial cities.These strikes taught workers to understand the power of united action even though there was no union in real terms. Small associations like Bombay Mill-Hands Association came up by this time. The second phase (1900 to 1946) This phase was characterized by the development of organized trade unions and political movements of the working class. Between 1918 and 1923, many unions came into existence in the country. At Ahmedabad, under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi, occupational unions like spinners’ unions and weavers’ unions were formed. A strike was lau nched by these unions under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi who turned it into a satyagrah.These unions federated into industrial union known as Textile Labor Association in 1920. In 1920, the First National Trade union organization (The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) was established. Many of the leaders of this organization were leaders of the national Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with the efforts of Mr. N N Joshi that became operative from 1927. During 1928, All India Trade Union Federation (AITUF) was formed. The third phase began with the emergence of independent India (in 1947). The partition of country affected the trade union movement particularly Bengal and Punjab. By 1949, four central trade union organizations were functioning in the country: 1. The All India Trade Union Congress, 2.The Indian National Trade Union Congress, 3. The Hindu Mazdoor Sangh, and 4. The United Trade Union Congress The working class movement was also politicized along the li nes of political parties. For instance Indian national trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of the Congress Party. The AITUC is the trade union arm of the Communist Party of India. Besides workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and managers are also organized by the trade unions, as for example in the Banking, Insurance and Petroleum industries. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA The Indian workforce consists of 430 million workers, growing 2% annually. The Indian labor markets consist of three sectors: 1.The rural workers, who constitute about 60 per cent of the workforce. 2. Organized sector, which employs 8 per cent of workforce, and 3. The urban informal sector (which includes the growing software industry and other services, not included in the formal sector) which constitutes the rest 32 per cent of the workforce. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA ! In India the Trade Union movement is generally divided on political lines. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of L abour, trade unions had a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002. As of 2008, there are 11 Central Trade Union Organizations (CTUO) recognized by the Ministry of Labour.RECOGNIZED CTUO? s 1. All India Central Council of Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) Liberation) 2. All India Trade Union Congress (Communist Party of India) 3. All India United Trade Union Centre (Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)) 4. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) 5. Indian National Trade Union Congress (Indian National Congress) 6. Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress (All India Trinamool Congress) 7. Centre for Indian Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (Marxist)) 8. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (socialists) 9. Labour Progressive Federation (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) 10. SEWA 11.Trade Union Coordination Committee (All India Forward Bloc) 12. United Trade Union Congress (Revolutionary Socialist Party) ALL INDIA CENTRAL COUNCIL OF TRADE UNIONS ! All Ind ia Central Council of Trade Unions, a central trade union federation in India. AICCTU is politically attached to Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AICCTU had a membership of 639 962 in 2002 ALL INDIA TRADE UNION CONGRESS (AITUC) All India Trade Union Congress Founded 1920 Members 2,677,979 (2002) Country India Af? liation WFTU Key Gurudas Dasgupta, general people Of? ce location secretary Delhi, IndiaThe All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is the oldest trade union federations in India and one of the ? ve largest. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AITUC had a membership of 2,677,979 in 2002. ! It was founded on 31 October 1920 in Bombay by Lala Lajpat Rai and a few others and, until 1945 when unions became organised on party lines, it was the primary trade union organisation in India. Since then it has been associated with the Communist Party of India. AITUC is go verned by a body headed by General Secretary Gurudas Dasgupta, a politician af? liated with Communist Party of India. AITUC is a founder member of the World Federation of Trade Unions.ALL INDIA UNITED TRADE UNION CENTRE ! ! The All India United Trade Union Centre (AIUTUC), formerly known as UTUC-LS, is a Central Trade Union Organisation in India and the labour wing of the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist). Presently its activities are spread over 19 states. The organisation claims to have 600 af? liated unions, comprising an individual membership of over two million. It is the 6th largest trade union in India. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC-LS had a membership of 1,368,535 in 2002. BHARATIYA MAZDOOR SANGH (BMS) Indian Workers Union Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Founded July 23, 1955 Members 6. million (2002) Country India Af? liation Independent Key people Girish Awasthi, president Of? ce location New Delhi, India Website www. bms. org. in ! The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Workers' Union) is the largest central trade union organization in India. It was founded by Dattopantji Thengdi on July 23, 1955, which also happens to the birthday of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. ! The BMS itself claims to have over 8. 3 million members. At present it is estimated around 5860 unions are af? liated to the BMS. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, the BMS had a membership of 6215797 in 2002. It can also be noted that the BMS is not af? iated to any International Trade Union Confederation. ! Girish Awasthi is the current president of the organization, and Mr. Lakshma Reddy its General Secretary. INDIAN NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS Indian National Trade Union Congress Founded May 3, 1947 Members 3. 8 million (2002) Country India Af? liation ITUC Key G. Sanjeeva Reddy, President; Rajendra people Of? ce location Website Prasad Singh, General Secretary. 4, Bhai Veer Singh Marg, New Delhi ! Indian National Trade Un ion Congress (INTUC) is the trade union wing of the Indian National Congress. It was founded May 3, 1947, and is af? liated with the International Trade Union Confederation.According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, INTUC had a membership of 3892011 in 2002. INDIAN NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress Country India Key Shovan Deb people Chattopadhyay, All India President; Purnendu Bose, West Bengal State President ! Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress is a trade union organisation of India politically associated with All India Trinamool Congress. CENTRE OF INDIAN TRADE UNIONS (CITU) Centre of Indian Trade Unions Founded 1970 Members 3. 2 million Country India Key people M K Pandhe, President Of? ce location New Delhi, India Website www. citucentre. orgCentre of Indian Trade Unions (Hindi: ‘(? ?*+ -. /), CITU is a National level Trade Union in India politically attached to the Communist Party of India (Ma rxist). The Centre of Indian Trade Unions is today one of biggest assembly of workers and classes of India. It has strong unchallangeable presence in the Indian states of West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura besides a good presence in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It has presence in almost all of the Indian states. According to the provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, CITU had a membership of 3,222,532 in 2002. Chittabrata Majumdar was the General Secretary of CITU from 2003-2007. 2th Conference (held in January 2007) of CITU re-elected him as its General Secretary. But he died on 20 February 2007. The General Council of CITU met on 17 May 2007 and elected Mohammed Amin as its new General Secretary. HIND MAZDOOR KISAN PANCHAYAT (HMKP) Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat (India Workers Peasants Council), is a national trade union confederation in India. Its national president is George Fernandes. HIND MAZDOOR SABHA (HMS) Founded Members Country Af? liation Key people H ind Mazdoor Sabha December 29, 1948 3. 3 million India ITUC Manohar Kotwal, president Umraomal Purohit, general secretary New Delhi, India members. rediff. com/hms/ Of? e location Website ! The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS, a Hindi name with approximate meaning ‘Workers Assembly of India') is a national trade union center in India. LABOUR PROGRESSIVE FEDERATION ! Labour Progressive Federation, trade union federation in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The LPF is politically attached to Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, LPF had a membership of 611,506 in 2002. The president of LPF is C. Kuppusamy. ! Telecom Employees Progressive Union is an af? liate of Labour Progressive Federation. The Union is shortly called TEPU that represents BSNL workers of India.The website of the union is tepuchq. org SELF-EMPLOYED WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (SEWA) The Self-Employed Women's Association of India (SEWA) is a trade union f or poor, self-employed women workers in India. SEWA was founded in 1972 by the noted Gandhian and civil rights leader Dr Ela Bhatt. SEWA's main of? ce is located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and it works in several states of India. SEWA had a membership of 966,139 in the year 2008. SEWA members are women who earn a living through their own labour or small businesses. They do not obtain regular salaried employment with welfare bene? ts like workers in the organized sector. They are the unprotected labour force of India.Constituting 93% of the labour force, these are workers of the unorganized sector. Of the female labour force in India, more than 94% are in the unorganized sector. However their work is not counted and hence remains invisible. SEWA is strongly supported by the World Bank which holds it out as a model to be replicated elsewhere. TRADE UNION COORDINATION COMMITTEE (TUCC) Trade Union Coordination Committee, a central trade union federation in India. TUCC is politically attache d to All India Forward Bloc. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, TUCC had a membership of 732760 in 2002. The general secretary is Nripendra Kumar Mahto.Krishi Shramik Union (Agricultural Labour Union) is af? liated to TUCC. ! In Pune, the Ammunition Factory Khadki (AFK) Employees Union and the Dehu Road Ordnance Factory Employees Union are af? liated to TUCC. UNITED TRADE UNION CONGRESS United Trade Union Congress Founded 1949 Members 383 946 (2002) Country India Key people Abani Roy, general secretary Of? ce location Kolkata, India ! United Trade Union Congress is a central trade union organisation in India. UTUC is politically tied to Revolutionary Socialist Party. Abani Roy is the general secretary of UTUC. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC had a membership of 383 946 in 2002. UTUC was founded at an All India Labour Conference in Calcutta, May 1, 1949. The founding president was professor K. T. Shah, a member of th e Constituent Assembly from Bombay, and the founding general secretary was Mrinal Kanti Bose, a former AITUC president from Bengal. At the time of its foundation, Bose claimed that the organisation consisted of 236 unions with a combined membership of 347 428. ! Initially, UTUC pro? led itself as an independent trade union centre, organising members of different leftwing factions. In 1953 the Deputy Labour Minister of India, Abid Ali, estimated the UTUC membership at 384 962. At the time UTUC had 332 af? liated unions