Dolores Hayden A Feminist Critique Of Architecture And...

Dolores Hayden: Dolores Hayden is a professor of architecture and urban history, who’s 1980 essay What Would a Non-Sexist City Be Like? re-imagined the relationship between the suburb and the city. Hayden’s work formed a significant feminist critique of the modern day challenges facing women who had to balance varied responsibilities and navigate inadequately planned cities. Her vision of new urban communities beneficial to women’s activities became a response to the shortcomings of capitalist and patriarchal planning conventions. Her design proposals taook influence from the communitarian and socialist architecture she had researched for her 1976 publication Seven American Utopias. Hayden’s experimental HOMES project sought to combat gendered limitations and alter the boundaries between public and private space, advocating for communal domestic spaces, shared childcare and social cooperation. The scheme re-interpreted existing suburban neighbourhoods by disrupting divisions between the private dwelling and the workplace. Working from a socialist feminist perspective Hayden believed that the project’s habitation and operation should represent varied family structures and subvert unbalanced gender roles, with paid work and domestic responsibilities to be shared equally. The gendered division of domestic labour later formed the topic of her 1981 publication, The Grand Domestic Revolution, which provides further research into the history of domestic and communal space.

Security interest - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1910 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? Perfection [of a security interest] is not invulnerability The Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (PPSA) regulates the perfection of security interest (SI). A SI is defined as an interest in personal property provided by a transaction to secure payment or performance of an obligation.1 SI is created when it is attached to the collateral where the grantor holds rights in the collateral or the power to transfer rights in the collateral to the secured party (SP), provided that a value is given for the SI.2 Perfecting a SI means publicising the SI. Perfection includes temporary perfection, or when the SI is attached to the collateral and it is enforceable against a third party, provided that the SI has been registered, or the SP has possession of the collateral, or the SP has control of the collateral.3S21(2)(c) of PPSA states that controllable collaterals include ADI accounts, intermediated securities, investment instruments, letters of credit, and shares. A dditionally, for the SI to be enforceable against third parties the SP must take possession or control of the collateral, or the grantor must have signed or adopted a security agreement containing the collaterals description.4 A perfected SI takes precedence over an unperfected SI in a priority contest of the collateral. 5 In Graham v. Portacom New Zealand Ltd [2004] 2 NZLR 528, the bank registered its SI and defeated the lessor who did not perfect its SI. However, being perfected does not mean that the SI is invulnerable. Perfection is subjected to several priority rules. Even if the SP has perfected its SI, it is possible that it might receive nothing or less than what it has given when the grantor defaults. When more than one SPs have perfected their SI in the collateral, the first perfected SI will prevail.6 The order of priority is determined by the occurrence of priority time such as the earliest of the registration time, the time the SP or another person on behalf of th e SP perfects the collateral by taking possession or control of the collateral, and the time the SI is temporarily perfected or perfected by the force of PPSA.7 PPSA also requires a continuous perfection of the collateral for the priority time to be valid.8 ___________________________________________________________________________ 1 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 12(1). 2 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 19. 3 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 21. 4 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 20. 5 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 55(3) 6 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 55(4) 7 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 55(5) 8 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 55(6) The Purchase Money Security Interest (PMSI) is an exception to the priority rules in S55 of PPSA. PMSI includes a SI that secures all or part of the collaterals purchase price and it can be taken by a person who gives value to enable the grantor to acquire rights in the collateral, to the extent that the value is applied to acquire those rights.9 A perfected PMSI has super-priority over a perfected non-PMSI SI that is granted by the same grantor in the collateral or its proceeds.10 Even though the non-PMSI SI has been perfected earlier, the priority is given to PMSI. To enjoy the super-priority, the PMSI must be perfected by registration when the debtor obtains possession if the inventory is goods or when the PMSI is attached if the inventory is of any other kind, and before the end of 15 business days since attachment of PMSI or possession being granted to debtor. 11 However in a case where there is a non-PMSI SI perfected by control, it will take precedence over a PMSI.12 For example, if a bank perfects its SI by taking control over the debtors property, it defeats any other methods of perfection, even though the control takes place in a later time. In the case where t wo or more SPs perfected their SIs by control, the SP who takes control first has priority.13 Another important factor to consider is that perfection by control is usually done by private agreement and therefore the perfection might not be publicised. 14 A seller, lessor or consignor who perfected its PMSI enjoys priority over other perfected PMSI by any other methods.15 The PPSA aims to protect them from the default of buyers or lessees. Therefore, in a priority competition between a lender and a supplier of goods, the supplier wins. This could place the lender in a bad position especially when the value of the collateral is less than the outstanding debt. In some circumstances, the SI is registered for perfection before it is created. For instance, if the SI is registered on 1 May and the attachment is on 5 May, the perfection is said to be on the date of attachment. However in a priority contest, the priority time is the date when the SI is registered.16 ________________ ___________________________________________________________ 9 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 14(1)(a) and s 14(1)(b). 10 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 62. 11Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 62(2)(b) and s 62(3). 12 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 57 . 13 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 57(2). 14 Horst EidenmÃÆ'Â ¼ller and Eva-Maria Kieninger, The Future of Secured Credit in Europe (Walter de Gruyter, Germany, 2008) p 150. 15 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 57(2); see also Evan H. Krinick, Banks Security Interests vs. Consignors Claims: Unless Consignors Take Specific Steps Set Forth in UCC Section 2-326(3), Banks Typically Have Priority to Consigned Goods. (1999) Banking Law Journal, vol. 116, no. 8, pp. 718-728. 16 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 55(5)(a). If the security agreement provides for future advance and the SI will have the same priority concerning all advances including future advances. 17 For example, on 1 June the bank registered its SI over the property of the debtor . The attachment and perfection take place when the security agreement is executed on 3 June. On 4 June the bank gives an advance and on 5 July it gives another advance to the debtor. Both advances given by the bank enjoy priority as they are covered by the 1 June registration. However the issue is that if another creditor lends money to the same debtor between 4 June and 5 July, he will lose priority to the bank, unless the he obtains a PMSI or control over the property. If a SI in the collateral is perfected but a SI in the proceeds is not perfected, the SI in the proceeds is temporarily perfected for 5 business days starting from the time the SI in the collateral attaches to the proceeds. Therefore, the SP must re-perfect the SI to have continuous perfection. 18 Sometimes there could be two SPs competing for the SI granted by two debtors. F or example, A has continuously perfected its SI in Fs property. F sells property to E without As consent and E grants SI in the property to B. The transferor-granted SI has priority over the transferee-granted SI. 19 This means if A perfects initially but does not continuously perfect its SI, or the SI is unperfected then B takes the property free of the SI. 20 A perfected SI in a good that has become an accession takes priority over the SI in the whole, unless the perfection of SI in the whole takes place earlier than the accessions SI perfection.21 If someone wished to perfect his SI in a truck, he would have to check whether or not the tyres are subject to any SI, or he might lose the tyres when the grantor defaults. Perfection of SI for crops which secures an advance for the production of the crops takes precedence over other SI in the same crops granted by the same grantor and the default rules in S55 will apply if there are more than one competing SIs.22 A SI arising under the statutory or general law such as non-consensual SI takes priority over a PPSA SI, provided that the SI arises in the ordinary course of business and the acquirer does not know that the acquisition is a breach of the security agreement. 23 ___________________________________________________________________________ 17 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 58. 18 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 33(2). 19 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 66 and s67. 20 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 43 (1). 21 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 88, s 89 and s 90; see also s99 which states that the security interest continues in a product or mass although the identity of the initial good is lost in the manufacturing, processing, assembling or commingling process. 22 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 85. 23 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 73(1). There are some situations where the buyer or lessee of the property takes it free of SI and the SP still loses even though it has perfected its SI. 24 They take it free if they do not have knowledge that the property is subject to a SI, provided that the property is sold or leased in the ordinary course of the sellers or lessors business of that that kind of property.25 Another situation is that if the property may or must be described by serial number and the SP fails to disclose the serial number when registering its SI, the buyer or lessee eventually gets a clear title of the property, provided that the buyer or lessee does not hold the property as inventory or they are not a party to the transaction. 26 Also, without knowing that the transaction is a breach of the security agreement, a buyer or lessee takes free of the SI if the search of the register by serial number of the motor vehicle one day before the SP registers its SI does not reveal a registration.27 They also take personal, domestic or household property free of SI if the market value given to the property is no more than $5,000 or any prescribed amount by the regulations.28 These two situations only apply when the property is acquired for a new value. In conclusion, the PPSA does not entirely eliminate the risks that a SPs perfected SI may face when there are more than one SPs of the collateral or in the situation where the innocent third party can take the collateral free of SI. The perfection remains vulnerable until the current legislation is amended to enable the SPs to have a better protection of their SI when they have perfected the SI. ___________________________________________________________________________ 24 Jason E. Pauls, Priority and perfection of a security interest in a patent: does the Patent Act preempt the UCC?. (1998) Commercial Law Journal, vol. 103, no. 4, pp.450-470. 25 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 46(1); see also Steven O. Weise, U.C.C. Article 9 Personal Property Se cured Transactions. (Uniform Commercial Code Survey). (1992) Business Lawyer, vol. 47 no. 4, pp. 1593-1644. 26 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 44(1) and s 44(2). 27 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 45(1). 28 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth), s 47(1). Bibliography Evan H. Krinick, Banks Security Interests vs. Consignors Claims: Unless Consignors Take Specific Steps Set Forth in UCC Section 2-326(3), Banks Typically Have Priority to Consigned Goods. (1999) Banking Law Journal, vol. 116, no. 8, pp. 718-728. https://primo-direct-apac.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/UWA:TN_gale_ofa63269168. Graham v. Portacom New Zealand Ltd [2004] 2 NZLR 528. Horst EidenmÃÆ'Â ¼ller and Eva-Maria Kieninger, The Future of Secured Credit in Europe (Walter de Gruyter, 2008). Jason E. Pauls, Priority and perfection of a security interest in a patent: does the Patent Act preempt the UCC?. (1998) Commercial Law Journal, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 450-470. h ttps://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=lftAN=502468172site= ehost-live. Steven O. Weise, U.C.C. Article 9 Personal Property Secured Transactions. (Uniform Commercial Code Survey). (1992) Business Lawyer, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1593-1644. https://primo-direct-apac.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/UWA:TN_gale_ofa13234428. 1 21270883 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Security interest" essay for you Create order

Struggling through the Great Depression in Toni Morrisons...

Toni Morrison was born Chloe Anthony Wofford in 1931 in Lorain, Ohio. Morrison grew up with a love of literature and received her undergraduate degree from Howard University. She received a master’s degree from Cornell University, she taught at Texas Southern University and then at Howard, in Washington, D.C., where she met Harold Morrison, an designer from Jamaica. The marriage lasted six years, and Morrison gave birth to two sons. She and her husband separated while she was pregnant with her second son, and she returned to Lorain to give birth. She then moved to New York and became an editor at Random House, specializing in black fiction. During this difficult and somewhat lonely time, she began working on her first novel, The Bluest Eye. Toni Morrison is qualified to write The Bluest Eye because it contains a number of factual elements. It is set in the town where Morrison grew up, and it is told from the point of view of a nine-year-old, the age Morrison would have been th e year the novel takes place. Like the MacTeer family, Morrison’s family fought to make ends meet during the Great Depression. Morrison grew up listening to her mother singing and her grandfather playing the violin, just as Claudia does. In the novel’s afterword, Morrison explains that the story developed out of a conversation she had had in elementary school with a little girl, who longed for blue eyes. She was still thinking about this conversation in the 1960s, when the Black is Beautiful movementShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1756 Words   |  8 Pages In the novel, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison readers are taken throughout the daily lives of African Americans who are faced with numerous trial tribulations. Already facing the harsh reality that they were inferior to the white race. There were many families throughout this story that was faced with this stigma, however it seemed that the Breedloves had it just twice as hard. A series of social problems of which African Americans were victims to during the 1940s-1060s such as Rape, interracial

Sociology and Sociological Imagination free essay sample

Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociologys subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociologys purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures. Sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of study that analyzes and explains important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and the world. At the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes and consequences of such things as romantic love, racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith. At the societal level, sociology examines and explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social movements. At the global level, sociology studies such phenomena as population growth and migration, war and peace, and economic development. Sociologists emphasize the careful gathering and analysis of evidence about social life to develop and enrich our understanding of key social processes. The research methods sociologists use are varied. Sociologists observe the everyday life of groups, conduct large-scale surveys, interpret historical documents, analyze census data, study video-taped interactions, interview participants of groups, and conduct laboratory experiments. The research methods and theories of sociology yield powerful insights into the social processes shaping human lives and social problems and prospects in the contemporary world. By better understanding those social processes, we also come to understand more clearly the forces shaping the personal experiences and outcomes of our own lives. The ability to see and understand this connection between broad social forces and personal experiences what C. Wright Mills called the sociological imagination is extremely valuable academic preparation for living effective and rewarding personal and professional lives in a changing and complex society. Students who have been well trained in sociology know how to think critically about human social life, and how to ask important research questions. They know how to design good social research projects, carefully collect and analyze empirical data, and formulate and present their research findings. Students trained in sociology also know how to help others understand the way the social world works and how it might be changed for the better. Most generally, they have learned how to think, evaluate, and communicate clearly, creatively, and effectively. These are all abilities of tremendous value in a wide variety of vocational callings and professions. - Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and understanding the social world in which we live and which shapes our lives. Sociology looks beyond normal, taken-for-granted views of reality, to provide deeper, more illuminating and challenging understandings of social life. Through its particular analytical perspective, social theories, and research methods, sociology is a discipline that expands our awareness and analysis of the human social relationships, cultures, and institutions that profoundly shape both our lives and human history. Development of Sociology Sociology is the youngest of the recognized social sciences. Auguste Comte in France coined the word sociology in his Positive Philosophy published in 1838. He believed that a science of sociology should be based on systematic observation and classification not on authority and speculation. This was a relatively new idea at that time. Herbert Spencer in England published his Principles of Sociology in 1876. He applied the theory of organic evolution to human society and developed a grand theory of social evolution. Lester F Ward an American published his Dynamic Sociology in 1883 calling for social progress through intelligent social action which sociologists should guide. All these founders of sociology were basically social philosophers. They proclaimed that sociologists should collect, organize and classify factual data and derive sound social theories from these facts. While they called for scientific investigation they did relatively little of it themselves. Emile Durkheim gave the most notable early demonstration of scientific methodology in sociology. In his Rules of sociological Method published in 1895,he outlined the methodology which he pursued in his study Suicide published in 1897. Instead of speculating upon the causes of suicide ,he first planned his research design and then collected a large mass of data on the characteristics of people who commit suicide and then derived a theory of suicide from these data. Courses in sociology appeared in many universities in the 1890s. The American Journal of Sociology began publication in 1895 and the American Sociological Society was organized in 1905. Whereas most of the early European sociologists came from the fields of history, political economy or philosophy many of the early American sociologists had been social workers, ministers and nearly all were from rural backgrounds. Urbanization and industrialization were creating grave social problems and these early sociologists were looking for scientific solutions. They saw sociology as a scientific guide to social progress. The early volumes of the American Journal of Sociology contained relatively few articles devoted to scientific description or research but carried many sermons filled with advice etc. By 1930s the several sociological journals were well filled with research articles and scientific descriptions. Sociology was becoming a body of scientific knowledge with its theories based upon scientific observation rather than upon impressionistic observation. - Significance Importance Of Sociology Sociology makes a scientific study of society: Prior to the emergence of sociology the study of society was carried on in an unscientific manner and society had never been the central concern of any science. It is through the study of sociology that the truly scientific study of the society has been possible. Sociology because of its bearing upon many of the problems of the present world has assumed such a great importance that it is considered to be the best approach to all the social sciences. Sociology studies role of the institutions in the development of the individuals: It is through sociology that scientific study of the great social institutions and the relation of the individual to each is being made. The home and family ,the school and educaton,the church and religion, the state and government ,industry and work ,the community and association, these are institutions through which society functions. Sociology studies these institutions and their role in the development of the individual and suggests suitable measures for restrengthening them with a view to enable them to serve the individual better. Study of sociology is indispensable for understanding and planning of society: Society is a complex phenomenon with a multitude of intricacies. It is impossible to understand and solve its numerous problems without support of sociology. It is rightly said that we cannot understand and mend society without any knowledge of its mechanism and construction. Without the investigation carried out by sociology no real effective social planning would be possible. It helps us to determine the most efficient means for reaching the goals agreed upon. A certain amount of knowledge about society is necessary before any social policies can be carried out. Sociology is of great importance in the solution of social problems: The present world is suffering from many problems which can be solved through scientific study of the society. It is the task of sociology to study the social problems through the methods of scientific research and to find out solution to them. The scientific study of human affairs will ultimately provide the body of knowledge and principles that will enable us to control the conditions of social life and improve them. Sociology has drawn our attention to the intrinsic worth and dignity of man: Sociology has been instrumental in changing our attitude towards human beings. In a specialized society we are all limited as to the amount of the whole organization and culture that we can experience directly. We can hardly know the people of other areas intimately. In order to have insight into and appreciation of the motives by which others live and the conditions under which they exist a knowledge of sociology is essential. Sociology has changed our outlook with regard to the problems of crime etc:It is through the study of sociology that our whole outlook on various aspects of crime has change. The criminals are now treated as human beings suffering from mental deficiencies and efforts are accordingly made to rehabilitate them as useful members of the society. Sociology has made great contribution to enrich human culture: Human culture has been made richer by the contribution of sociology. The social phenomenon is now understood in the light of scientific knowledge and enquiry. According to Lowie most of us harbor the comfortable delusion that our way of doing things is the only sensible if not only possible one. Sociology has given us training to have rational approach to questions concerning oneself, ones religion,customs,morals and institutions. It has further taught us to be objective, critical and dispassionate. It enables man to have better understanding both of himself and of others. By comparative study of societies and groups other than his existence ,his life becomes richer and fuller than it would otherwise be. Sociology also impresses upon us the necessity of overcoming narrow personal prejudices, ambitions and class hatred. Sociology is of great importance in the solution of international problems: The progress made by physical sciences has brought the nations of the world nearer to each other. But in the social field the world has been left behind by the revolutionary progress of the science. The world is divided politically giving rise to stress and conflict. Men have failed to bring in peace. Sociology can help us in understanding the underlying causes and tensions. The value of sociology lies in the fact that it keeps us update on modern situations: It contributes to making good citizens and finding solutions to the community problems. It adds to the knowledge of the society. It helps the individual find his relation to society. The study of social phenomena and of the ways and means of promoting what Giddens calls social adequacy is one of the most urgent needs of the modern society. Sociology has a strong appeal to all types of mind through its direct bearing upon many of the initial problems of the present world. - Socio-logical Imagination The Sociological Imagination The sociological imagination is the ability to situate personal troubles within an informed framework of larger social processes. Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim was one of the founders of sociology. * Because they tried to understand the larger processes that were affecting their own personal experience of the world, it might be said that  the founders of sociology, like Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, exercised what C. Wright Mills later called the sociological imagination. * C. Wright Mills, a prominent mid-20th century American sociologist, described the sociological imagination as the ability to situate personal troubles and life trajectories within an informed framework of larger social processes. Other scholars after Mills have employed the phrase more generally, as  the type of insight offered by sociology and its relevance in daily life. Another way of describing sociological imagination is the understanding that social outcomes are shaped by social context, actors, and social actions. * the sociological imagination Coined by C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination is the ability to situate personal troubles and life trajectories within an informed framework of larger social processes. Examples * An analogy can help us better understand what Mills meant by the sociological immagination. Think of a fish swimming in the ocean. That fish is surrounded by water, but the water is so familiar and commonplace to the fish that, if asked to describe its situation, the fish could hardly be expected to describe the water as well. Similarly, we all live in a social milieu, but because we are so  intimately  familiar with it, we cannot easily study it objectively. The sociological imagination takes the metaphorical fish out of the water. It allows us to look on ourselves and our social surroundings in a reflective way and to question the things we have always taken for granted. Karl Marx Karl Marx, another one of the founders of sociology, used his sociological imagination to understand and critique industrial society. Read More Rate This Content: Top of Form Good Needs Improvement Bad Bottom of Form Want help studying The Sociological Imagination? Get the Flashcards Create a Study Guide Take a Quiz The Sociological Imagination Early sociological theorists, like Marx (Figure 1), Weber, and Durkheim (Figure 0)), were concerned with the phenomena they believed to be driving social change in their time. Naturally, in pursuing answers to these large questions, they received intellectual stimulation. These founders of sociology were some of the earliest individuals to employ what C. Wright Mills (a prominent mid-20th century American sociologist) would later call the sociological imagination: the ability to situate personal troubles and life trajectories within an informed framework of larger social processes. The term sociological imagination describes the type of insight offered by the discipline of sociology. While scholars have quarreled over interpretations of the phrase, it is also sometimes used to emphasize sociologys relevance in daily life. C. Wright Mills In describing the sociological imagination, Mills asserted the following. What people need is a quality of mind that will help them to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what is going on in the world and of what may be happening within themselves. The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals. Mills believed in the power of the sociological imagination to connect personal troubles to public issues. As Mills saw it, the sociological imagination helped individuals cope with the social world by enabling them to step outside their own, personal, self-centered view of the world. By employing the sociological imagination, individual people are forced to perceive, from an objective position, events and social structures that influence behavior, attitudes, and culture. In the decades after Mills, other scholars have employed the term to describe the sociological approach in a more general way. Another way of defining the sociological imagination is the understanding that social outcomes are shaped by social context, actors, and actions. In his book by the same name, C. Wright Mills coined the same famous phrase sociological imagination, which is used throughout sociology today. The sociological imagination is the concept of being able to think ourselves away from the familiar routines of our daily lives in order to look at them anew. Mills defined sociological imagination as the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society. It is the ability to see things socially and how they interact and influence each other. To have a sociological imagination, a person must be able to pull away from the situation and think from an alternative point of view. Read more about sociological imagination and the book with the same title. References: http://sociology. unc. edu/undergraduate-program/sociology-major/what-is-sociolo